• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2007

As the zygotic embryo of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) matured during stratification over 203 days it grew from 0.75 to 5.2 mm. Embryo excision and culturing on media containing different concentrations of two growth regulators, gibberellic acid ($GA_3$, 1 to 10 ${\mu}M$) and benzyladenine (BA, 1 to 5 ${\mu}M$), during stratification, showed that shoot and root number and the shoot, root and cotyledon length increased with increased stratification time. Gibberellic acid was the more effective growth regulator for increasing shoot and root number and shoot, root and cotyledon lengths. Immature embryos (stratified for up to 63 days) needed growth regulators for further development. Cultures on $GA_3$ at the last culture date (stratified for 203 days) when embryos were mature, produced multiple shoots but there was no effect of $GA_3$ concentration. Benzyladenine inhibited shoot and root growth regardless of embryo stratification. Growth regulators had little effect on cotyledon length of mature embryos. Embryos cultured on $GA_3$ combined with BA were green on all culture dates whereas greening in the control and BA treatments increased with culture date. The BA treatments induced 100% swelling of the embryos on the final culture date while in the control and $GA_3$ treatments there was no swelling. There was little or no curling in the control and BA treatments and a linear decrease in curling with culture date in the $GA_3$ and $GA_3$ + BA treatments.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.57-81
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• 2019

Satellite images can be integrated into a crop model to strengthen the advantages of each technique for crop monitoring and to compensate for weaknesses of each other, which can be systematically applied for monitoring inaccessible croplands. The objective of this study was to outline the productivity of paddy rice based on simulation of the yield of all paddy fields in North Korea, using a grid crop model combined with optical satellite imagery. The grid GRAMI-rice model was used to simulate paddy rice yields for inaccessible North Korea based on the bidirectional reflectance distribution function-adjusted vegetation indices (VIs) and the solar insolation. VIs and solar insolation for the model simulation were obtained from the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) and the Meteorological Imager (MI) sensors of the Communication Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS). Reanalysis data of air temperature were achieved from the Korea Local Analysis and Prediction System (KLAPS). Study results showed that the yields of paddy rice were reproduced with a statistically significant range of accuracy. The regional characteristics of crops for all of the sites in North Korea were successfully defined into four clusters through a spatial analysis using the K-means clustering approach. The current study has demonstrated the potential effectiveness of characterization of crop productivity based on incorporation of a crop model with satellite images, which is a proven consistent technique for monitoring of crop productivity in inaccessible regions.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.278-289
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• 2015

Indigenous strains of Trichoderma species isolated from rhizosphere soils of Tea gardens of Assam, north eastern state of India were assessed for in vitro antagonism against two important tea fungal pathogens namely Pestalotia theae and Fusarium solani. A potent antagonist against both tea pathogenic fungi, designated as SDRLIN1, was selected and identified as Trichoderma viride. The strain also showed substantial antifungal activity against five standard phytopathogenic fungi. Culture filtrate collected from stationary growth phase of the antagonist demonstrated a significantly higher degree of inhibitory activity against all the test fungi, demonstrating the presence of an optimal blend of extracellular antifungal metabolites. Moreover, quantitative enzyme assay of exponential and stationary culture filtrates revealed that the activity of cellulase, ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase, pectinase, and amylase was highest in the exponential phase, whereas the activity of proteases and chitinase was noted highest in the stationary phase. Morphological changes such as hyphal swelling and distortion were also observed in the fungal pathogen grown on potato dextrose agar containing stationary phase culture filtrate. Moreover, the antifungal activity of the filtrate was significantly reduced but not entirely after heat or proteinase K treatment, demonstrating substantial role of certain unknown thermostable antifungal compound(s) in the inhibitory activity.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.24-32
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• 2003

This study was carried out to select proper species for early stage replantation of forest road cut-slope. From one to fourteen year elapsed forest roads in Gangwon-do, sample plots were selected, and their vegetations and environmental factors were investigated. Invaded species with high frequency ordered Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Lysimachia clethroides, Rubus crataegifolius, Patrinia villosa, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Pueraria thunbergiana, Youngia denticulata, Dactylis glomerata, Rhus chinensis, and Pinus densiflora. North cut-slope have the highest value of invaded species number and plant coverage, and so, north aspect could be best for plant invasion. According to ordination, distribution of species were influenced by elapsed year, cut-slope aspect, and cut-slope. Lespedeza bicolor, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Artemisia stolonifera, Miscanthus sinensis, Rubus crataegifolius, Rhus chinensis, Lindera obtusiloba, and Pinus densiflora were considered with proper species for replantation at south slope. Also, Lespedeza bicolor, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Arundinella hirta, Artemisia keiskeana, Astilbe chinensis var. davidii, Rubus crataegifolius, Weigela subsessilis, Stephanandra incisa, and Rhododendron mucronulatum were considered with proper species as replantation at north slope.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.26-31
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• 1960

1. Mt. Soyo is situated in the central part of Korea, approximately 37$^{\circ}$56'W. Latitude, 127$^{\circ}$4'N. Longitude. This mountain is about 530 meters above sea level, and consists mainly of granites. Above 200 meters the area is covered with oak trees (Quercus mongolica, Q. aliena) with a kind of Rhododendron (Rhododendron mucronulatum, R. schlippenbachii) as undergrowth. About 500 packets of bryophytes were collected by the writer in 1959. 2. The mosses collected in this region were of 68 species belonging to 51 genera. Those species may roughly be divided, as follows; 1) 15 species (22.1%) are distributed also in Europe and North America (Holarctic element). 2) 2 species (2.9%) occur also in Kamchatka and the Aleutians (North Pacific element). 3) 14 species (20.6%) are widely distributed every where (Cosmopolitan element). 4) 19 species (27.9%) occur also in the temperature region of the Far East (East Asiatic element). 5) 3 species (4.4%) occur also in Indomalaya and India (Tropical element). 6) 15 species (22.1%) are endemic to Japan and Korea. 3. The Hepaticae collected in this region are of 11 species belonging to 7 genera. Those may roughly be divided, as follows; 1) 4 species (36.4%) are distributed also in Europe and North America (Holarctc element). 2) 5 species (45.5%) occur also in the temperature region of the Far East (Asiatic element). 3) 1 species (9.1%) occur also in Indomlaya. 4) 1 species (9.1%) are endemic in Japan and Korea. 4. The species which are new to the flora of Korea are as follows; 1) Leucobryum glaucum (L.) Schimp. 2) Psedoleskeopsis dicurvata (Mitt.) Broth. 3) Thuidium delicatulum (Hedw.) Mitt. 4) Dolichotheca perrobustum (Broth.) Broth. 5) Brachiolejeunia sandvicensis (Gott). Evans. 6) Porella vernicosa Lindb. ssp. gracillina (Mitt.) Ando.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.719-725
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• 2020

Objectives: With the growth of national interest in fine particulate matter, many complaints about pollutants emitted from air pollution emitting facilities have arisen in recent years. In particular, it is thought that a large volume of particulate pollutants are discharged from workplaces that use Solid Refuse Fuel (SRF). Therefore, particulate contaminants generated from SRF were measured and analyzed in this study in terms of respective particle sizes. Methods: In this study, particulate matter in exhaust gas was measured by applying US EPA method 201a using a cyclone. This method measures Filterable Particulate Matter (FPM), and does not consider the Condensable Particulate Matter (CPM) that forms particles in the atmosphere after being discharged as a gas in the exhaust gas. Results: The mass concentration of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) in the four SRF-using facilities was 1.16 to 11.21 mg/Sm3, indicating a very large concentration deviation of about 10 times. When the fuel input method was the continuous injection type, particulate matter larger than 10 ㎛ diameter showed the highest particle size fraction, followed by particulate matter smaller than 10 ㎛ and larger than 2.5 ㎛, and particulate matter of 2.5 ㎛ or less. Contrary to the continuous injection type, the batch injection type had the smallest particle size fraction of particulate matter larger than 10 ㎛. The overall particulate matter decreased as the operating load factor decreased from 100% to 60% at the batch input type D plant. In addition, as incomplete combustion significantly decreased, the particle size fraction also changed significantly. Both TSP and heavy metals (six items) satisfied the emissions standards. The measured value of the emission factor was 38-99% smaller than the existing emissions factor. Conclusions: In the batch injection facility, the particulate matter decreased as the operating load factor decreased, as did the particle size fraction of the particulate matter. These results will help the selection of effective methods such as reducing the operating load factor instead of adjusting the operating time during emergency reduction measures.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.61-64
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• 2018

Eight rabbits exhibited head tilt and subsequently died. At necropsy, three rabbits had crusty deposits in ears and four had reddish lungs. The main histopathological features were severe diffuse suppurative meningoencephalitis (75.0% of rabbits), fibrinopurulent pneumonia (37.5%), and otitis externa (37.5%). Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) was isolated from brains, ears, and lungs. The capsular serogroups of the isolates were untypable. Based on histopathological features and bacterial analysis results, the rabbits were diagnosed as P. multocida infection. P. multocida infections might result in considerable economic loss in commercial rabbit production facilities in Korea.

• Journal of Species Research
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.117-121
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• 2020

Prunus glandulosa Thunb. [=Cerasus glandulosa (Thunb.) Sokolov] (Rosaceae) is native to the warmtemperate region of China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang Provinces). It is naturalized in the United States (i.e. Alabama, Michigan and North Carolina) and Canada (Ontario). This species, previously only recorded as introduced or cultivated plants on the Korean Peninsula, was confirmed to be naturally distributed in the southwestern coast islands(i.e. Geomun-do, Chuja-do and an uninhabited island in Shinan-gun of Jeollanam-do). Prunus glandulosa Thunb. is distinguished from a related taxon P. japonica var. nakaii (H. Lév.) Rehder by pedicel 8-12 (-16) mm long, linear stipules, glabrous style, and pink petals. The morphological characters and illustration of P. glandulosa Thunb. are provided with line drawings and photographs from the natural habitat. In addition, it is likely that a new habitat will be found by plant biodiversity investigations through the southwestern coast islands. Further research is needed to determine its population size, distribution, and threats, as well as identify appropriate locations for conservation collection of germplasm.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.209-214
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• 2019

Naturalization centers are hotspots where accidently introduced seeds first germinate and grow. Railways play important roles as corridors for movement, having positive effects on species dispersal and persistence, though they can also be invasion routes for undesirable plants. Geranium purpureum Vill., a new alien species in Korea, was found at the Bumil Railway Station, Busan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. Most native Geranium species in Korea belong to the subgenus Geranium and section Geranium, but G. purpureum belongs to the subgenus Robertium and section Ruberta, with the "carpel-projection" method of seed dispersal. In other countries, G. purpureum is often compared with G. robertianum L., which is an ornamental plant in Korea. We assume that G. purpureum is a casual alien plant and that it is not likely to spread to other provinces, as it scarcely survives when the mean temperature in January is below $4^{\circ}C$. Moreover, it has not been found further north than Busan. We provide a key of allied taxa, information about the habitat, a description of the morphological characters, illustrations, and photographs.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.33-40
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• 1961

The moss flora and it's geoecological study were made on Mt. Odae which is situated in the easterm part(37$^{\circ}$43'N. Lat., 128$^{\circ}$30' E. Long) of Korea. The total number ofmosses collected on Mt. Odae in the autumn of 1960 is 50 species, 1 varieties and 1 subspecies, belonging to 23 families. For climate index, Warmth index and Humidity index were calculaterd on Mt. Odae. From the result, it was known that the climate of Mt. Odae is Humid temperate climate and that it's vegetation zone is Deciduous broad-leaf forest zone. Moss Quotient of this mountain is 1.21 and it indicates that the plant climate of Mt. Odae is Hemicryptophytic climate. The moss flora of this mountain was discussed from the pnytogeographical point of view. The flora consists of the following elements: Holarctic element : 20 species (38.5%) North Pacific element: 1 (1.9%) Cosmopolian element: 6 (11.6%) Tropical element: 1 (1.9%) East Asiatic element: 12 (23.05%) Korean-Japan element: 12 (23.05%) Coefficient of closeness was also calculated between the moss flora of Mt. Odae and that of Mt. Sulak and Mt. Kwanak. It was known, therefore, that the flora relation between Mt. Odae and the Mt. Sulak was closer than that between Mt. Odae and Mt. Kwanak.