• 제목/요약/키워드: North East India

검색결과 62건 처리시간 0.033초

유라시아 철도의 다중경로 구축에 관한 연구 (The Study of Establishing the Multi-pass Eurasian Railroads)

  • 한범희;허남균;허희영
    • 산학경영연구
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.137-170
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    • 2008
  • 본 연구는 국제물류시장에서 동북아 각국의 협력과 경쟁을 유발하는 유라시아철도의 경로구축에 대한 물류전략을 제시하고 있다. 21세기 세계경제의 화두(話頭)는 자유무역협정, 에너지자원개발, 지구온난화 등이다. 이미 유럽은 경제통합의 최고수준인 초국가적 기구를 설치하여 완전경제통합을 이루어 역내 생산 및 물류 방면에 경쟁우위를 확보하였으며, 캐나다, 미국, 멕시코 등도 1994년 1월에 북미자유무역협정(NAFTA)을 체결하여 역내 관세철폐를 통한 역외국가에 대해 비교우위를 점하고 있다. 한편, 유라시아 대륙의 동쪽지역에 해당하는 중국, 일본, 러시아, 한국 등 동북아시아 지역은 정치 경제적인 세계적 위상에 비추어 볼 때, 대립과 갈등이 거듭되는 낙후된 모습으로 교류와 소통에 비효율과 고비용 구조를 면하지 못하고 있다. 아프리카, 남아메리카, 중앙아시아, 몽골, 코카서스 지역 등에는 미국, 영국, 중국, 일본 등이 미래 에너지자원 확보를 위해 자원개발패키지프로그램을 실행하고 있으며, 지역에 따라서는 석유, 가스, 광물자원의 수송 대책에 상당한 어려움을 겪고있다. 2005년 2월 16일 일본 교토에서 기후변화에 관한 국제연합규약의 교토의정서를 채택한 이후 해당 국가들은 온실가스를 줄이기 위한 대체에너지개발 및 운송수단의 기술 개발에 박차를 가하고 있다. 현재, 유럽과 아시아간의 이동화물의 대부분은 해상경로를 통하여 운송되고 화물의 특성상 미량의 항공운송이 있으며, 기원전부터 동서양의 이동통로였던 실크로드는 흔적만 남아 있을 뿐이다. 유라시아 북부지역을 관통하는 시베리아횡단철도는 서비스상의 애로(隘路)가 많아 아직까지는 러시아만의 유통경로로 대부분 사용되고 있다. 1992년 완성된 중국횡단철도는 국제적 유통경로로서의 제 역할을 수행하지 못하고 있다. 이중육지폐쇄국가 (double landlocked country)인 우즈베키스탄을 비롯한 중앙아시아, 몽골, 아제르바이잔 등 해상과 인접하지 못한 국가들은 보유하고 있는 자원개발을 통하여 경제적 도약을 계획하고 있지만, 자원개발의 특성과 빈약한 물류인프라로 인하여 상당한 기간이 소요될 것으로 고려된다. 다만, 인접국가인 중국의 경우는 투르크메니스탄에서 우즈베키스탄과 카자흐스탄을 통한 가스파이프라인을 연결하여 중국서부지역의 수요를 충당할 계획으로 건설 중에 있다. 특히, 2001년에 정식으로 출범한 상하이협력기구(Shanghai Cooperation Organization:이하 SCO)는 중국과 러시아를 필두로 타지키스탄, 키르기스스탄, 카자흐스탄, 우즈베키스탄 등 정회원국 6개국과 옵서버 국가인 몽골, 인도, 파키스탄, 아프가니스탄, 이란 등 5개국으로 구성되어 있다. 처음에는 테러방지를 위한 군사적 동맹으로 시작했지만, 지금은 교통, 운송, 교역, 에너지협력까지 확대해 나가고 있다. 미국과 NATO의 옵서버 신청까지 거절하였으니 그 숨겨진 뜻을 이해할 필요가 있을 것이다. 러시아는 동서가 유라시아 대륙의 북부지역 전역을 차지하는 광활한 지역을 균형 발전시켜야한다는 국정과제를 수행하기 위하여 시베리아횡단철도(Trans Siberia Railway:이하 TSR)의 활성화와 극동 시베리아 지역의 경제발전에 전력을 다하고 있다. 또한 일본과 한국에 상당한 기대를 가지고, TSR과 TKR(한반도종단열차)을 연결시키기 위하여 적극적인 노력을 한 결과, 나진-하산 간 철도 개보수에 러시아, 북한, 남한 3개국이 참여하기로 잠정 합의되었다. 이 지역은 국제연합개발계획(UNDP)에서 추진하고 있는 두만강개발계획(Greater Tumen Initiative:이하 GTI)과 중첩되는 곳으로, 이 계획은 한국, 몽골, 중국, 러시아, 북한 등 5개국의 공동 프로젝트이며, 그 내용은 에너지, 관광, 환경, 몽골과 중국 간 철도연결 타당성 검토, 동북아 페리루트 개설 등이 추진되고 있다. 중국의 동북3성 재개발 계획을 성공적으로 실행하기 위해서는 국내외 자본의 많은 투자 유치가 필수적인데, 그 전제 조건이 중국동부 연안의 개발에서 이미 보았듯이 막힘 없는 물류인프라의 존재 여부이다. 일본은 몽골지역에 대규모 무상 인프라건설 지원을 해주면서, 몽골과 러시아 자루비노를 연결하는 '동방대통로'를 구상하고 있지만, 러시아, 중국의 태도를 주시해야하는 입장이다. 만약에, 북한의 비핵화 방지 프로그램이 파행을 거듭하지 않는다면, 미국도 어떠한 방식으로든 참여하게 되어, 한반도종단철도와 시베리아횡단철도, 한반도종단철도와 중국횡단철도의 연결은 아시아태평양경제사회위원회(UN ESCAP)의 추진 프로그램과 더불어 가속도를 붙게 할 것이다. 이것이 실행되면, 지금까지 미온적인 일본과 한국 간 해저터널 문제도 적극적으로 검토될 것이다. 결국 한반도는 주변국이 원하든 원하지 아니하든, 지경학적으로 그리고 지정학적으로 동북아시아의 중심적 위치를 차지할 수밖에 없을 것이며, 과거, 현재, 미래에 동북아시아 각 국가의 경쟁과 협력의 중심적 역할을 할 수 있는 한반도의 기회는 계속될 것이다.

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Tree Diversity, Distribution and Population Structure of a Riparian Forest from Certain Zones along the Dikhu River in Nagaland, India

  • Leishangthem, Devlin;Singh, Maibam Romeo
    • Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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    • 제34권1호
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    • pp.31-45
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    • 2018
  • At present the biodiversity of the riparian forest is under threat due to various anthropogenic pressures. Hence study was conducted along the three unprotected zones of riparian forest in Dikhu river, Nagaland, north-east India in order to compared the diversity, distribution and population structure of riparian trees. In each zone $100{\times}100m^2$ plot were marked and subdivided into 20 plots of $10{\times}10m^2$. 10 plots on each side of the river were taken randomly covering 0.02 ha. Only tree with dbh ${\geq}10cm$ and dbh above 1.5 m above ground level were recorded as individual species. A total of 29 tree species belonging to 18 families were recorded from the three zones of the river. Tree species richness was highest at the middle zone (19) followed by upper (14) and lower zone (7). The most abundant species and family recorded at upper, middle and lower zones were Melia azaderach of Euphorbiaceae ($380\;stems\;ha^{-1}$), Terminalia chebula of Euphorbiaceae ($432.5\;stems\;ha^{-1}$) and Duabanga grandiflora of Lythraceae ($365\;stems\;ha^{-1}$) respectively. The ranges of diversity indices observed in the three zones were: Shannon-Wiener index (1.25-0.73), Simpson diversity index (0.42-0.93), Evenness index (0.47-0.37) and Index of co-dominance (0.75-0.94). Rest of other indices were also estimated and compared. Distribution of trees shows the contagious pattern common in the upper and middle zones and regular in the lower zone. The girth size class analysis demonstrated that the riparian forest is in less mature succession stage. This study emphasize the need for management and conservation of riparian forest by developing policy to declare the riparian zone as protected area to prevent further degradation and loss of biodiversity from these unregulated zones along the river.

Patterns of Upper Aero-digestive Tract Cancers in Kamrup Urban District of Assam: A Retrospective Study

  • Sharma, Jagannath Dev;Kalita, Manoj;Barman, Debanjana;Sharma, Arpita;Lahon, Ranjan;Barbhuiya, Jamil Ahmed;Deka, Barsha;Kataki, Amal Chandra
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제15권17호
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    • pp.7267-7270
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    • 2014
  • Background: The incidence of upper aero-digestive tract (UADT) cancers, including C00-C14, C30-C32, C15 and C16, is increasing rapidly in Kamrup Urban District (KUD) of Assam, North East (NE) India. According to the NCRP (2013) report 37.6% of all cancers in both sexes are UADT cancers in the NE region, accounting for 53.3% in males and about 27.5% in females of the total cases. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted for patient information from the period of 2008-2011. Age-standardized or age-adjusted rates (ASR or AAR) (per 100,000 person-years) were calculated using the World Standard Population as proposed by Segi and modified by Doll et al. The registry population area at risk was estimated using the 1991 and 2001 census population by sex, as well as the growth rate during that interval using the difference distribution method. Results: There were 5,638 cases registered during the last four years of the study (2008-2011) accounting for 56.7% (3,198/5,638) of the total in males and 43.3% (2,440/5,638) in females. The male: female ratio was 1.31:1.00. The overall age adjusted rates (AAR) were 179.4 and 153.8 per 100 000 males and females respectively. Cancer of the oesophagus was most common in both sexes, with most appreciable gender variation for tongue and hypopharynx, presumably reflecting differential expsoure to risk factors.

Expression of Epstein Barr Virus Encoded EBNA1 and LMP1 Oncoproteins in Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas from Northeast India

  • Borthakur, Parikhit;Kataki, Kangkana;Keppen, Chenole;Khamo, V.;Medhi, Subhash;Deka, Manab
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제17권7호
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    • pp.3411-3416
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    • 2016
  • Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a malignancy arising from the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx, is distinct from others cancers in terms of its epidemiologic features. It is rare in most parts of the world except for a few regions with populations of Mongoloid origin. Objectives: To study the expression pattern of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) encoded oncoproteins EBNA1 and LMP1 in different histological types of NPC and to correlate expression patterns with sex, age and histological types. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded NPC biopsy samples and tissues from 20 healthy controls were collected to study the expression level of EBNA1 and LMP1 using immunohistochemistry. Results: EBNA1 and LMP1 expression was found in 92.5% and 90% respectively, of the cases and none of the control specimens. The expression patterns of EBNA1 and LMP1 were determined to be statistically significant (p<0.05) when correlated with sex, age and histological distributions. Also immunohistochemistry was found to be a sensitive technique in the detection of EBV. Conclusions: The study reveals that the potent oncoproteins EBNA1 and LMP1 were over expressed in our population cohort. Our findings are to some extent inconsistent with earlier reports as our population showed a higher expression of both EBNA1 and LMP1 compared to other studies.

Descriptive Report on Pattern of Variation in Cancer Cases within Selected Ethnic Groups in Kamrup Urban District of Assam, 2009-2011

  • Sharma, Jagannath Dev;Kalita, Manoj;Barbhuiya, Jamil Ahmed;Lahon, Ranjan;Sharma, Arpita;Barman, Debanjana;Kataki, Amal Chandra;Roy, Barsha Deka
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제15권15호
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    • pp.6381-6386
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    • 2014
  • Background: The global burden of cancer is continuously increasing. According to recent report of the National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) on time trends it is estimated that future burden of cancer cases for India in 2020 will be 1,320,928. It is well known that knowledge of the incidence of cancer is a fundamental requirement of rational planning and monitoring of cancer control programs. It would help health planners to formulate public health policy if relevant ethnic groups were considered. North East-India alone contains over 160 Scheduled Tribes and 400 other sub-tribal communities and groups, whose cancer incidence rates are high compared to mainland India. As since no previous study was done focusing on ethnicity, the present investigation was performed. Materials and Methods: In this paper PBCR-Guwahati data on all cancer registrations from January 2009 to December 2011 for residents of the Kamrup Urban District, comprising an area of 261.8 sq. km with a total population of 900,518, including individual records with information on sex, age, ethnicity and cancer site are provided. Descriptive statistics including age adjusted rates (AARs) were taken as provided by NCRP. For comparison of proportional incidence ratios (PIR) the Student's t test was used, with p<0.05 considered as statistically significant. Results and Conclusions: Differences in leading sites of Kamrup Urban District since from the beginning of the PBCR-Guwahati were revealed among different ethnic groups by this study. The results should help policy makers to formulate different strategies to control the level of burden as well as for treatment planning. This study also suggests that age is an important factor of cancer among different ethnic populations as well as for overall population of Kamrup District of Assam.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Leea asiatica leaves against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

  • Sen, Saikat;De, Biplab;Devanna, N.;Chakraborty, Raja
    • 셀메드
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    • 제4권3호
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    • pp.18.1-18.5
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    • 2014
  • Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale, a folk medicinal plant is used by the ethnic people of North East India for the treatment of hepatic disorder. In this study, we have investigated the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of L. asiatica leaves against acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity. Methanol extract of L. asiatica (150 and 300 mg/kg/day, p.o.) were administered to rats for three consecutive days followed by single acetaminophen (3000 mg/kg, p.o.) administration on $3^{rd}$ day. After 48 h of acetaminophen administration animals were sacrificed and biochemical estimation of serum, in vivo antioxidant activity using liver tissue were carried out. High levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, total cholesterol and triglycerides were observed in disease control group, which found near to normal in extract treated groups. Higher dose exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity against acetaminophen induced toxicity. Level of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase in liver tissue, and reduced glutathione in liver and blood were also significantly increased in extract (300 mg/kg) treated animals compare to disease control group. In this study we found that leaves of L. asiatica exhibited potent hepatoprotective activity against acetaminophen induced hepatic damage in experimental animals which justify the folklore claim, and the possible mechanism of this activity may be due to strong antioxidant activities of extract.

항공물류 프로세스 개선을 위한 4PL 도입 연구 (A Study on 4PL Development to Improve Air Cargo Process)

  • 나형석;조용철;이창호
    • 대한안전경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 대한안전경영과학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회
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    • pp.383-387
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    • 2008
  • Nowadays, the tendency of world air cargo is noteworthy and air traffic in terms of cargo throughput will no doubt grow significantly in the new Region, with India and China's booming economy and the upcoming Olympics 2008. For example, in the first 11 months of 2006 cargo traffic was increased by 6.3%. First of all, the market of air cargo in Korea grows very quickly and diversifies. It is an essential factor in the process of development of Northeast-Asia as a hub for Air Cargo logistics. However the process of air cargo in Korea is complex as compared with other north-east asia nations. At the same time, it has many problems and causes inconvenience to owners of freight. This paper investigated the process of air cargo in Korea now and analyzed problems of the process. We emphasize that 4PL is the excellent solution from among many alternatives. It is also worthy of notice that EPCglobal network strengthen the role of 4PL. In conclusion, the 4PL system based on EPCglobal network will result in a good success, so it will raise a prestige of air cargo in Korea to a higher position.

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Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Curcuma caesia Roxb. rhizome

  • Verma, Durgesh;Srivastava, Sharad;Singh, Vineet;Rawat, A.K.S.
    • Natural Product Sciences
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    • 제16권2호
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    • pp.107-110
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    • 2010
  • Curcuma caesia Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) is commonly known as 'Black turmeric'. In India it grows in West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, North-East and Uttar Pradesh and is widely used by ethnic communities for various ailments. Rhizomes of the plant are used for sprains and bruises and are also employed in cosmetics. In West Bengal it is an important place in traditional system of medicine and is also used as a substitute for turmeric in fresh stage. Present communication deals with the detailed pharmacognostical evaluation of the rhizome sample. Inner part of the rhizome is bluish-black in colour and emits a characteristic sweet smell, due to the presence of essential oil. On steam distillation the rhizome yields an essential oil rich in camphor. A detailed HPTLC studies has been carried out for quantitative evaluation of active marker component. HPTLC, physico-chemical, morphological and histological parameters presented in this paper may be proposed as parameters to establish the authenticity of C. caesia rhizome and may possibly help to differentiate the drug from its other allied species.

미얀마 주요 농산물의 생산 및 수출입 동향 분석 (Analysis of Production and Trade of Agro-products in Myanmar)

  • 임덕순
    • 한국국제농업개발학회지
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    • 제23권5호
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    • pp.485-490
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    • 2011
  • 미얀마는 국토면적 676,577km2로 한반도 전체 면적의 3배에 달하여, 동남아시아 대륙 국가 중에서는 가장 큰 국가이다. 이러한 지형을 바탕으로 남북 및 동서로 다양한 기후대가 나타나 특유의 농업생태환경이 조성되어 있다. 미얀마에서 농업은 가장 중요한 산업이며 그중 벼농사가 차지하는 비중이 제일 크다. 쌀 생산량은 꾸준히 증가하여 최근 2009/10년도 약 3268만 톤 생산되었다. 최근 미얀마에서 가장 많이 수출되는 품목은 콩이며, 그 중 생산량이 가장 많은 Black gram은 2009/10년도 약 151만 톤 생산되었다. 주요 생산하고 있는 기타 작물로는 밀, 옥수수, 수수가 있으며 밀과 옥수수의 재배면적과 생산량은 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 미얀마에서 중요한 농산물중 하나인 참깨는 유료작물 중 가장 넓은 면적에 재배되어지고 있으며 미얀마의 주요 수출입국으로는 태국, 인도, 중국 등이다.

Molecular evolutionary analysis reveals Arctic-like rabies viruses evolved and dispersed independently in North and South Asia

  • Yu, Xin;Zhu, Hongwei;Bo, Yongheng;Li, Youzhi;Zhang, Jianlong;Jiang, Linlin;Chen, Guozhong;Zhang, Xingxiao;Wen, Yongjun
    • Journal of Veterinary Science
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    • 제22권1호
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    • pp.5.1-5.16
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    • 2021
  • Background: Arctic-like (AL) lineages of rabies viruses (RABVs) remains endemic in some Arctic and Asia countries. However, their evolutionary dynamics are largely unappreciated. Objectives: We attempted to estimate the evolutionary history, geographic origin and spread of the Arctic-related RABVs. Methods: Full length or partial sequences of the N and G genes were used to infer the evolutionary aspects of AL RABVs by Bayesian evolutionary analysis. Results: The most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of the current Arctic and AL RABVs emerged in the 1830s and evolved independently after diversification. Population demographic analysis indicated that the viruses experienced gradual growth followed by a sudden decrease in its population size from the mid-1980s to approximately 2000. Genetic flow patterns among the regions reveal a high geographic correlation in AL RABVs transmission. Discrete phylogeography suggests that the geographic origin of the AL RABVs was in east Russia in approximately the 1830s. The ancestral AL RABV then diversified and immigrated to the countries in Northeast Asia, while the viruses in South Asia were dispersed to the neighboring regions from India. The N and G genes of RABVs in both clades sustained high levels of purifying selection, and the positive selection sites were mainly found on the C-terminus of the G gene. Conclusions: The current AL RABVs circulating in South and North Asia evolved and dispersed independently.