• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.139-149
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• 2009

In the standard URL normalization mechanism, URLs are normalized syntactically by a set of predefined steps. In this paper, we propose to complement the standard URL normalization by incorporating the semantically meaningful metadata of the web pages. The metadata taken into consideration are the body texts and the page size of the web pages, which can be extracted during HTML parsing. The results from our first exploratory experiment indicate that the body texts are effective in identifying equivalent URLs. Hence, given a URL which has undergone the standard normalization, we construct its URL signature by hashing the body text of the associated web page using Message-Digest algorithm 5 in the second experiment. URLs which share identical signatures are considered to be equivalent in our scheme. The results in the second experiment show that our proposed URL signatures were able to further reduce redundant URLs by 32.94% in comparison with the standard URL normalization.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.289-295
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• 2015

Purpose: From the perspective of biomechanics, joint moments quantitatively show a subject's ability to perform actions. In this study, the effect of normalization in the fast and asymmetric motions of a golf swing was investigated by applying three different normalization methods to the raw joint moment. Methods: The study included 13 subjects with no previous history of musculoskeletal diseases. Golf swing analyses were performed with six infrared cameras and two force plates. The majority of the raw peak joint moments showed a significant correlation at p < 0.05. Additionally, the resulting effects after applying body weight (BW), body weight multiplied by height (BWH), and body weight multiplied by leg length (BWL) normalization methods were analyzed through correlation and regression analysis. Results: The BW, BWH, and BWL normalization methods normalized 8, 10, and 11 peak joint moments out of 18, respectively. The best method for normalizing the golf swing was found to be the BWL method, which showed significant statistical differences. Several raw peak joint moments showed no significant correlation with measured anthropometrics, which was considered to be related to the muscle coordination that occurs in the swing of skilled professional golfers. Conclusions: The results of this study show that the BWL normalization method can effectively remove differences due to physical characteristics in the golf swing analysis.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 2008

Artifact corrections including normalization and attenuation correction were important for quantitative analysis in Nuclear Medicine Imaging. Normalization is the process of ensuring that all lines of response joining detectors in coincidence have the same effective sensitivity. Failure to account for variations in LOR sensitivity leads to bias and high-frequency artifacts in the reconstructed images. Attenuation correction is the process of the correction of attenuation phenomenon lies in the natural property that photons emitted by the radiopharmaceutical will interact with tissue and other materials as they pass through the body. In this paper, we will review the several approaches for normalization and attenuation correction strategies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.663-676
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• 2012

This article is to understand the implications and ideological meaning of female normative beauty reproduced by the idealizing phenomena of the hyper-real body as a process of the normalization of the body projected in fashion magazines with a focus on the body created by the increased influence of mass media in consumer capitalism. This study conducts a literature research and semiotic analysis as the method of investigation and focuses on the body images of the beauty articles in Vogue Korea. The idealizing phenomena of the hyper-real body in fashion magazines emphasizes that the body is an exchangeable substance that can be disassembled to adjust to accord with the standards and norms of society, that the ability of individuals to manage their body is enhanced by a rise in social class, and concludes that the superficial alteration of the body image is related to the standard of a moral tendency where a young and slender figure is considered to be a well managed body image.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1718-1723
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• 2003

This paper presents a computational method for deformation modes of a flexible body in multibody system from the experimental modal analysis and an efficient method for flexible multibody dynamic analysis by use of the modes. It is difficult to directly use experimental modal parameters in flexible multibody dynamic analysis. The major reasons are that there are many inconsistencies between experimental and analytical modal data and experimental noises are inherent in the experimental data. So two methods, such as, a method for ortho-normalization of experimental modes and the other one for mode expansion, are suggested to gain deformation modes of a flexible body from the experimental modal parameters. Using the virtual work principle, the equation of motion of a flexible body is derived. The effectiveness of the proposed method will be verified in the numerical example of cab vibration of a truck by comparing analysis and test results.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 2013

In this paper, the system which can translate sign language through motion recognition of Kinect camera system is developed for the communication between hearing-impaired person or language disability, and normal person. The proposed algorithm which can translate sign language is developed by using core function of Kinect, and two ways such as length normalization and elbow normalization are introduced to improve accuracy of translating sign langauge for various sign language users. After that the sign language data is compared by chart in order to know how effective these ways of normalization. The accuracy of this program is demonstrated by entering 10 databases and translating sign languages ranging from simple signs to complex signs. In addition, the reliability of translating sign language is improved by applying this program to people who have various body shapes and fixing measure errors in body shapes.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2023

Purpose PET-CT imaging require an appropriate quality assurance system to achieve high efficiency and reliability. Quality control is essential for improving the quality of care and patient safety. Currently, there are performance evaluation methods of UN2-1994 and UN2-2001 proposed by NEMA and IEC for PET-CT image evaluation. In this study, we compare phantom images with the same experiments before and after PET-CT 3D normalization and well counter correction and evaluate the usefulness of quality control. Materials and methods Discovery 690 (General Electric Healthcare, USA) PET-CT equiptment was used to perform 3D normalization and well counter correction as recommended by GE Healthcare. Based on the recovery coefficients for the six spheres of the NEMA IEC Body Phantom recommended by the EARL. 20kBq/㎖ of ¹⁸F was injected into the sphere of the phantom and 2kBq/㎖ of ¹⁸F was injected into the body of phantom. PET-CT scan was performed with a radioacitivity ratio of 10:1. Images were reconstructed by appliying TOF+PSF+TOF, OSEM+PSF, OSEM and Gaussian filter 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6,5 mm with matrix size 128×128, slice thickness 3.75 mm, iteration 2, subset 16 conditions. The PET image was attenuation corrected using the CT images and analyzed using software program AW 4.7 (General Electric Healthcare, USA). The ROI was set to fit 6 spheres in the CT image, RC (Recovery Coefficient) was measured after fusion of PET and CT. Statistical analysis was performed wilcoxon signed rank test using R. Results Overall, after the quality control items were performed, the recovery coefficient of the phantom image increased and measured. Recovery coefficient according to the image reconstruction increased in the order TOF+PSF, TOF, OSEM+PSF, before and after quality control, RCmax increased by OSEM 0.13, OSEM+PSF 0.16, TOF 0.16, TOF+PSF 0.15 and RCmean increased by OSEM 0.09, OSEM+PSF 0.09, TOF 0.106, TOF+PSF 0.10. Both groups showed a statistically significant difference in Wilcoxon signed rank test results (P value<0.001). Conclusion PET-CT system require quality assurance to achieve high efficiency and reliability. Standardized intervals and procedures should be followed for quality control. We hope that this study will be a good opportunity to think about the importance of quality control in PET-CT

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.521-531
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• 2014

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of normalization by dimensionless number of Hof(1996) and to analysis the gait pattern for 20s Korean males and females. Subjects are selected in accordance with classification system of Korean standard body figure and age. Experimental equipment is the Motion capture system. Subjects who are walked at a self-selected normal walking speed were photographed using the Motion capture system and analyzed using 3D motion analysis method with OrthoTrak, Cortex, Matlab and SPSS for a statistical test. When used to normalize data, there are no differences of statistical significances between gender in all spatiotemporal variables. I concluded that gait research for mutual comparison requires a normalization by dimensionless number to eliminate the effects of the body size and to accurate statistical analysis.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1649-1654
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• 2021

In this paper, we introduce a regularization of long short-term memory (LSTM) based fall detection system using TensorFlow that can detect falls that can occur in the elderly. Fall detection uses data from a 3-axis acceleration sensor attached to the body of an elderly person and learns about a total of 7 behavior patterns, each of which is a pattern that occurs in daily life, and the remaining 3 are patterns for falls. During training, a normalization process is performed to effectively reduce the loss function, and the normalization performs a maximum-minimum normalization for data and a L2 regularization for the loss function. The optimal regularization conditions of LSTM using several falling parameters obtained from the 3-axis accelerometer is explained. When normalization and regularization rate λ for sum vector magnitude (SVM) are 127 and 0.00015, respectively, the best sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy are 98.4, 94.8, and 96.9%, respectively.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.927-934
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• 2014

In this paper, we propose an effective method for recognizing daily human activities from a stream of three dimensional body poses, which can be obtained by using Kinect-like RGB-D sensors. The body pose data provided by Kinect SDK or OpenNI may suffer from both the view variance problem and the scale variance problem, since they are represented in the 3D Cartesian coordinate system, the origin of which is located on the center of Kinect. In order to resolve the problem and get the view-invariant and scale-invariant features, we transform the pose data into the spherical coordinate system of which the origin is placed on the center of the subject's hip, and then perform on them the scale normalization using the length of the subject's arm. In order to represent effectively complex internal structures of high-level daily activities, we utilize Hidden state Conditional Random Field (HCRF), which is one of probabilistic graphical models. Through various experiments using two different datasets, KAD-70 and CAD-60, we showed the high performance of our method and the implementation system.