• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.1355-1362
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• 2022

Nuclear fuel, including its fresh state, must be handled safely due to its critical and hazardous nature. Under normal transport conditions, several interactions take place among different components, such as transport cask used for loading the nuclear fuel and tie-down structure to attach with the vehicle. To ensure structural integrity of the nuclear fuel, vibrations and impacts transmitted from the vehicle must be sufficiently reduced. Therefore, in this study, we conducted two transportation tests from Daejeon to Kijang in Korea to verify the vehicle-induced vibrational characteristics of the KJRR-F fresh nuclear fuel when transported under normal transport conditions. The speed and location of the vehicle were obtained via GPS, and the accelerations between the vehicle and the KJRR-F fresh nuclear fuel were measured. Additionally, using the acceleration results, a structural analysis was conducted to confirm the structural integrity of the nuclear fuel under the most severe conditions during normal transport.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2022

The safety of a KTC-360 transport cask, a large-capacity pressurized heavy-water reactor transport cask that transports CANDU spent nuclear fuel discharged from the reactor after burning in a pressurized heavy-water reactor, must be demonstrated under the normal transport and accident conditions specified under transport cask regulations. To confirm the thermal integrity of this cask under normal transport and accident conditions, high-temperature and fire tests were performed using a one-third slice model of an actual KTC-360 cask. The results revealed that the surface temperature of the cask was 62℃, indicating that such casks must be transported separately. The highest temperature of the CANDU spent nuclear fuel was predicted to be lower than the melting temperature of Zircaloy-4, which was the sheath material used. Therefore, if normal operating conditions are applied, the thermal integrity of a KTC-360 cask can be maintained under normal transport conditions. The fire test revealed that the maximum temperatures of the structural materials, stainless steel, and carbon steel were 446℃ lower than the permitted maximum temperatures, proving the thermal integrity of the cask under fire accident conditions.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.439-450
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• 2023

In this study, the impact load resulting from collision with the fuel rods of surrogate spent nuclear fuel (SNF) assemblies was measured during a rolling test based on an analysis of the data from surrogate SNF-loaded sea transportation tests. Unfortunately, during the sea transportation tests, excessive rolling motion occurred on the ship during the test, causing the assemblies to slip and collide with the canister. Hence, we designed and conducted a separate test to simulate rolling in sea transportation to determine whether such impact loads can occur under normal conditions of SNF transport, with the test conditions for the fuel assembly to slide within the basket experimentally determined. Rolling tests were conducted while varying the rolling angle and frequency to determine the angles and frequencies at which the assemblies experienced slippage. The test results show that slippage of SNF assemblies can occur at angles of approximately 14° or greater because of rolling motion, which can generate impact loads. However, this result exceeds the conditions under which a vessel can depart for coastal navigation, thus deviating from the normal conditions required for SNF transport. Consequently, it is not necessary to consider such loads when evaluating the integrity of SNFs under normal transportation conditions.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권11호
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• pp.4125-4133
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• 2023

The transportation of spent nuclear fuel is an important process that involves road and sea transport from an interim storage facility to storage and final disposal sites. As spent nuclear fuel poses a significant risk, carefully evaluating its vibration and shock characteristics under normal transport conditions is essential. In this regard, full-scale multi-modal transport tests (MMTT) have been conducted domestically and internationally. In this paper, we discuss the process of developing a multi-body dynamics (MBD) model to analytically simulate conditions that cannot be considered in tests. The MBD model is based on the KORAD-21 transportation system was validated using the Korean MMTT results from 2020 to 2021. This paper summarizes the details of the development and verification of the MBD model for the KORAD-21 transportation system under normal transport test conditions. This approach can be applicable to various transportation scenarios and systems, and the results of this study will help to ensure that nuclear fuel transportation is conducted safely and effectively.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.625-629
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• 2015

The second-generation HTS wire its YBCO coated conductor is widely used in the superconducting power apparatus. The YBCO coated conductor uses the normal-superconducting junction to increase the transport capacity of superconducting power apparatus when it is applied. The normal-superconducting junction can be a cause of reducing the stability of the superconducting power apparatus when a fault current is applied. Thus, in this study we have conducted the effect analysing normal-superconducting junction for the fault current using transport current and quench resistance. From the experimental results when a fault current is applied, the effect on the normal-superconducting junction is reduced the larger the amplitude of the fault current and is helpful to maintain the thermal stability of the HTS wire.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.291-298
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• 2003

The KN-12 transport cask has been designed to transport 12 PWR spent nuclear fuel assemblies and to comply with the regulatory requirements for a Type B(U) package. The containment boundary of the cask is defined by a cask body, a cask lid, lid bolts with nuts, O-ring seals and a bolted closure lid. The containment vessel for the cask consists of a forged thick-walled carbon steel cylindrical body with an integrally-welded carbon steel bottom and is closed by a lid made of stainless steel, which is fastened to the cask body by lid bolts with nuts and sealed by double elastomer O-rings. In the cask lid an opening is closed by a plug with an O-ring seal and covered by the bolted closure lid sealed with an O-ring. The cask must maintain a radioactivity release rate of not more than the regulatory limit for normal transport conditions and for hypothetical accident conditions, as required by the related regulations. The containment requirements of the cask are satisfied by maintaining a maximum air reference leak rate of $2.7{\times}10^{-4}ref.cm^3s^{-1}$ or a helium leak rate of $3.3{\times}10^{-4}cm^3s^{-1}$ for normal transport conditions and for hypothetical accident conditions.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.681-685
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• 2004

A media-feeding (or media-transport) system is a key component in daily consumer systems such as printers, copiers and ATM's. The role of the media-transport system is to feed a medium, which is usually in the form of a thin film, to the main process in a uniform and repeatable manner. Even small slippage between the media and the feeding rollers could significantly degrade the performance of the entire system. The slippage between the medium and the feeding rollers is determined by many parameters which include the friction coefficient between the feeding rollers and the medium material, the angular velocity of the feeding rollers, and the normal force applied by feeding rollers on the medium. This paper investigates the effect of the normal force and the angular velocity of feeding rollers on the slippage of the medium. Authors have constructed a test bed for experiments, which consists of a feeding module and various measuring devices. Using regular paper as media being fed, the authors experimentally measured the slippage of the medium under various normal forces and angular velocities of driving feeding roller. Also the authors developed a novel two-dimensional simulation model for the media-transport system. The paper medium is modeled as a set of multiple rigid bodies interconnected by revolute joints and rotational springs and dampers. Simulations were executed using a multi-body dynamic analysis tool called RecurDy $n^{ⓡ}$. The slippage obtained by the simulation is compared to experimental results.ults.

• Water Engineering Research
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.49-61
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• 2005

This paper presents the numerical study to examine characteristics of fluid flow and solute transport in a rough fracture subject to effective normal stresses. The aperture distribution is generated by using the self-affine fractal model. In order to represent a nonlinear relationship between the supported normal stress and the fracture aperture, we combine a simple mechanical model with the local flow model. The solute transport is simulated using the random walk particle following algorithm. Results of numerical simulations show that the flow is significantly affected by the geometry of aperture distribution varying with the effective normal stress level while it is slightly affected by the fractal dimension that determines the degree of the fracture surface roughness. However, solute transport is influenced by the effective normal stress as well as the fracture surface roughness.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제19권spc1호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2005

Many daily appliances for examples copiers, printers and ATMs contain the media transport system (MTS) and the slippage between the medium in the MTS deteriorates the performance quality of the whole system. The slippage of the medium in the MTS is affected by many parameters including the friction coefficient between the feeding rollers and the medium, the velocity of the feeding rollers, and the normal force exerted on the medium by feeding rollers. This paper focuses on the effect of the normal force on the slippage while the medium is being fed. For this purpose, we developed a two-dimensional simulation model for a paper feeding system. Using the simulation model, we calculated the slippage of the paper for different normal forces. We have also constructed a testbed of the paper feeding system to verify the simulation results. Experimental results are compared with the simulation results.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 유효수직응력의 영향을 받고 있으며, 공간적으로 상관된 간극분포를 포함하고 있는 단일 균열 내에서의 용질이동에 대한 공간적 거동을 수치적으로 분석하였다. 분석결과 단일 균열에서의 용질이동은 간극분포의 공간적 상관정도와 적용된 유효수직응력에 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 공간적 상관길이가 증가함에 따라 용질입자의 평균이동시간은 감소하였으며, 또한 용질이동에 대한 굴곡도와 Peclet 수(유체흐름에 의한 용질의 이송율과 분자확산율과의 관계를 나타내는 무차원 수)가 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이는 공간적 상관길이가 증가할수록 단일 균열 내의 간극분포가 용질입자의 이동에 유리하다는 것을 의미한다. 그러나 유효수직응력이 증가할수록 용질입자의 평균이동시간과 굴곡도는 증가하는 경향을 나타냈으며, Peclet 수는 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 이는 유효수직응력이 증가할수록 접촉면의 증가로 인해 한 두 개의 상대적으로 큰 국부유량을 가지는 유로를 따라 이동하기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 또한 본 연구에서 용질이동에 대한 모의된 결과에 근거하여 공간적 상관길이에 따른 유효수직응력과 용질의 평균이동시간과의 관계를 나타내는 지수형태의 상관식을 제안하였다.