• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.354-363
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• 2009

Cytotoxic Nitric oxide (NO) overproduced by inducible NO Synthase (iNOS or NOS2), which was induced in inflammatory reactions and immune responses directly or indirectly affects the functions as host defense and can cause normal tissue damage. Microarray analysis was performed to identify gene profiles of both NO-dependent and -independent transcripts in RAW 264.7 macrophages that use selective NOS2 inhibitors aminoguanidine ($100\;{\mu}M$) and L-canavanine (1 mM). A total of 3,297 genes were identified that were up- or down-regulated significantly over 2-fold in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages. NO-dependency was determined in the expressed total gene profiles and also within inflammatory conditions-related functional categories. Out of all the gene profiles, 1711 genes affected NO-dependently and -independently in 567 genes. In the categories of inflammatory conditions, transcripts of 16 genes (Pomp, C8a, Ifih1, Irak1, Txnrd1, Ptafr, Scube1, Cd8a, Gpx4, Ltb, Fasl, Igk-V21-9, Vac14, Mbl1, C1r and Tlr6) and 29 geneas (IL-1beta, Mpa2l, IFN activated genes and Chemokine ligands) affected NO-dependently and -independently, respectively. This NO dependency can be applied to inflammatory reaction-related functional classifications, such as cell migration, chemotaxis, cytokine, Jak/STAT signaling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway. Our results suggest that LPS-induced gene transcripts in inflammation or infection can be classified into physiological and toxic effects by their dependency on the NOS2-mediated NO release.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 1997

Neuroblastoma, a pediatric malignant neoplasm of neural crest origin, has a wide range of clinical virulence. The mechanisms contributing to the development of neuroblastomas are largely unclear, but non-random chromosomal changes identified over the past years suggest the involvement of genetic alterations. Amplification of the human N-myc proto-oncogene is frequently seen either in extrachromosomal double minutes or in homogeneously staining regions (HSRs) of aggressively growing neuroblastomas. N-myc maps to chromosome 2 band 24, but HSR have never been observed at this band, suggesting transposition of N-myc during amplification. We have constructed and analyzed the region-specific painting probe for HSR in neuroblastoma IMR-32 to determine the derivative chromosomes. Microdissection was performed on HSR using an inverted microscope with the help of microglass needles and an micromanipulator. We pretreated the microdissected fragments with Topoisomerase I which catalyzes the relaxation of supercolled DNA, and performed two initial rounds of DNA synthesis with T7 DNA polymerase followed by conventional PCR to enable the reliable preparation of Fluorescent in situ hybridization probe from a single microdissected chromosome. With this method, it was possible to construct the region-specific painting probe for HSR. The probe hybridized specifically to the HSRs of IMR-32, and to 2p24, 2p13 of normal chromosome. Our results suggest there was coamplification of N-myc together with DNA of the chromosome 2p24 and 2p13. Moreover, the fluorescent signals for the amplified chromosomal regions in IMR-32 cells were also easily recognized at a Thus this painting probe can be applied to detect the similar amplification of N-myc in neuroblastoma tissue, and the probe pool for HSR may be used to identify the cancer-relevant genes.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.19 no.3 s.31
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• pp.75-89
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• 2006

Background & Objectives : Rhinitis is an inflammation of nasal mucosa and the symtoms are watery rhinorrhea, sneezing, itchy nose, and nasal obstruction. Rhinitis is classified into allergic rhinitis and nonallergic. Allergic rhinitis is an immune reaction by allergen, and vasomotor rhinitis which is nonallergic noninfectious hypersensitive reaction. The incidence of allergic rhinitis has increased and the rate of vasomotor rhinitis is high. However there have been no studies about vasomotor rhinitis compared with allergic rhinitis. And there have been no studies so far performed on the effect of Tongkwansan. Therefore this study is aimed to find out the effects of Tongkwansan on allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis. Materials and Methods : Fifteen BALC/c mouses divided into three groups : normal group, control group and sample group. To induce the allergic rhinitis in control group and sample group, mouses were sensitized intrapertioneally 0.1 % ovalvumin solution three times at intervals of 1 week. Then intranasal sensitization was performed by diffusing 0.1 % ovalbumin solution 3 times at intervals of 2 days. After that time, mouses in the sample group were oral and administration treated by Tongkwansan for 28 days. We observed changes in nasal mucosa and submucosa; also changes in the segment of leucocyte, erythrocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, IL-4 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in blood. We used the statistical methods of ANOVA test(p<0.05). Results : There were no significant changes statistically in leucocyte, erythrocyte, neutrophil, lymphocytem, monocyte, eosinophil, IL-4 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in blood(p<0.05). Hypertrophy of epithelium in nasal mucosa and expansion of glandular cells in nasal submucosa were decreased in treated group when compared with control group. Conclusion : According to above results, it is supposed that Tongkwansan has significant effects on vasomotor rhinitis which is nonallergic and noninfectious.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 1987

The purpose of this paper to present morphological normal chick chromosomes and develope avian cytogenetic techniques including chromosome preparation and banding technique. The early chick embryos provide a consistent source of material with hish mitotic cells. Although chick embryo tissue gives excellent preparations, the 4-5 days embryo is somewhat incovenient materials, Most imp of ant for avian Chromosome analysis are the technical protocols to achieve adequate preservation, spreading, and staining of the full chromosome complement. To precise chromosome analysis, pro-metaphase states are required. Best results of banding will be obtained from air dried slides prepared from early chick embryos that have been aged at least 1 week. Good G-banding differentiation is achieved by adequate trypsin digestion fellowed by staining in Goe,sa dye. The results of C-banding is influenced by many factors including the conditions of Ba(OH)$_2$, HCl treatment, and state of rinsing. In addition to precisely interprets banding patterns, the densitometric analysis is recommended.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.sup3
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• pp.317-321
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• 2016

Detection of micrometastasis in sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) is a very useful tool for appropriate assessment of the clinical stage of disease in breast cancer patients. Early identification of clinically relevant disease could lead to early treatment or staging approaches for breast cancer patient. Micrometastases in SLNs of women with invasive breast cancer are of great significance in this context. In this study we examined SLN biopsies considered to have small numbers of cancerous cells by real time RT-PCR. All of the samples underwent immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin for confirmation of the presence or absence of micrometastases. BUB1b expression assay of selected patients with and without metastasis showed overexpression in the former, but not in normal breast and lymph node tissue. Our results may be taken into account in the discussion about the merits of routine use of molecular assessment in pathogenetic studies of SLNs.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.137-143
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• 1985

Using chelating agents such as Nitrilotriaceticacid(NTA), ticacid(DTPA) and Ethylenediaminenitrilotetraceticacid(EDTA), with TC-99m were determined in vitro and in vivo. Methods.of separation and determination of TC-99m-liposomes added chelating agents were practiced by thin layer chromatogram scan and gel filtration. Biodistributions of Tc-99m-liposomes in normal and sarcoma 180 cells bearing mice were observed. The results were as follows: 1) Maximum amount of $Sn^{+2}$ to reduction from pertechnetium$(10\sim20{\mu}ci)$ by adding 0, 1, 10 and $100{\mu}g$ of $SnCl_2$ in 0.2 ml of oxygen free water was $10{\mu}g$. 2) The large amounts of $SnCl_2$ were not changed but the small amounts of $SnCl_2$ were much changed by labeling with TC-99m to add chelating agents. EDTA in small amounts of $SnCl_2$ were reduced more strongly than DTPA or NTA. Using a hydrophilic chelate, DTPA, the uptake of liposomes could not accumulated in liver and spleen by a lipophilic chelate NTA were significant in vivo. 3) Uptake by tumor was achived 1.14% of injected dose per gram tissue and tumor to organ ratios were measured in low with TC-99m-NTA-liposomes(+).

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.305-313
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• 2007

Purpose: Wound healing is a result of complex processes whose components, such as cells, extracellular matrix, proteolytic enzymes, and their inhibitors receive effects from immune compartments, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Impairment of normal physiologic response to wounding makes nonhealing chronic wounds. Wound infection and exacerbated proteolytic process may induce uncontrolled tissue degradation or exudates formation, which may result in the development of a nonhealing chronic wound. Thus proper management of wound infection and exudates is critical to prevent and treat nonhealing wound. The aim of this study is to evaluate effects of Aquacel AG, silver-containing carboxymethylcellulose dressing on treatment for exudative infected wound. Methods: The study included 31 patients with nonhealing wound. Wound was dressed with Aquacel AG. The effect of dressing was investigated by serial bacterial culture and wound exudates assessment. Each infection and exudates control time was determined and statistically analyzed. Results: Wound infection and exudates were effectively managed using Aquacel AG dressing. Mean infection and exudates control time were $3.4{\pm}1.2$ and $5.7{\pm}1.4$ weeks, respectively. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that infection control time correlated positively to age and exudates control time (p<0.05). Conclusion: There is as yet no ideal dressing for the topical treatment of chronic nonhealing wound. But silver-containing carboxymethylcellulose dressing can be used effectively for exudative, infected nonhealing wound.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.962-968
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• 2006

Background : Liver cirrhosis is a disease of the liver in which normal cells are replaced by scar tissue. This condition results in the failure of the liver to perform many of its usual functions. Liver cirrhosis includes ascites, jaundice, portal hypertension, varices etc. Objectives : This study was to see if there is a decrease in ascites of liver cirrhosis to under acupuncture and herbal treatment to test their validity. Methods : Measuring the response to treatment of ascites by giving pyengwie-san hap wieryungtang gamibang and treating the patient with acupuncture, these clinical symptoms were observed: weight, abdominal circumference, abdominal SONO, chest X-ray, and lab findings. Results : Over 18 days the daily average loss of weight and abdominal circumference 0.43kg and 0.56cm, respectively. Lab findings of liver functions showed improvement. Conclusions : This report shows a role for acupuncture and herbal treatment for treating ascites in liver cirrhosis.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2002

Wound healing is the result of interaction of normal cellular and biochemical responses that restore the interrupted anatomical structure in limited period. When any response of them is impaired, it results in chronic wound. The factors that influence the wound healing process is not only limited to the fundamental disease of the individual but also the local factors, especially various growth factors secreted from the various cells involved in tissue regeneration have important role. Recent reports that the chronic wounds are depleted of these growth factors have led active studies on the alteration of local wound environment with manipulation of the growth factors and the its application in management of chronic wounds. We investigated the effect on the chronic wounds in 10 patients with various pathologic conditions to suggest the appropriate application and guideline of the indication. The chronic wounds resulting from various causes in 10 patients were treated with rhPDGF gel and good wound care. All the chronic wounds were located on the lower extremity and the average diameter was 2.5 cm. 7 patients were completely cured within 8 weeks, however the patient who received previous radiation therapy the healing was delayed to 14 weeks. Two patients with vascular ulcer were not cured with rhPDGF alone. Local application of rhPDGF has yielded complete cure of the chronic wound in 70% of the patients within 2 months. The author suggests that it would be an effective alternative treatment modality of chronic wound when it is applied with good wound care and appropriate indication.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.81-84
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• 2004

Branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) is a holo-parasitic flowering plant that attaches to the root of its host, green plant, by means of a specialized structure known as haustorium. Following successful contact and penetration on susceptible plant root, complex tissue of Orobanche cells is formed which is known as the tubercle. Newly formed tubercles contain high activity ofindole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), as an inhibitor of IAA polar transport, was utilized to investigate the supply and requirement of auxin to the developing O. ramosa on tomato plant. There was no significant reduction in the incidence of O. ramosa per pot of different TIBA treatments. However, infection severity in terms of the number of O. ramosa shoots that emerged per plant and number of attachments per plant root system were significantly reduced by 60 % and 45 % on TIBA treated plants, respectively. Histo-logical studies revealed conspicuous delay in the initiation of xylem vessel differentiation inside tubercles of the TIBA treated tomato plants. Also, differentiated vessels showed thinner secondary wall deposition, and improper alignment within bundles inside those tubercles. They were wider and shorter in diameter in comparison to those of untreated plants. These findings were attri-buted to the short supply of IAA required for normal development, and to the xylem vessel differentiation of O. ramosa tubercles on infected tomato. Hence, this parasitic flowering plant seems to depend upon its host in its requirements for IAA, in a source to sink relation-ship.