• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.959-967
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• 2010

Down syndrome (DS) is an abnormality of the 21st chromosome that commonly occurs in children born to older women. Thus, amniotic fluid (AF) is usually collected from such women for prenatal diagnosis. This study analyzed human AF supernatants (AFS) using a mass spectrometric (MS) approach to search for candidate biomarkers of a DS pregnancy. The AFS were collected from older pregnant women at weeks 16-18 of their gestation by amniocentesis for cytogenetic analysis. The AFS from the pregnancies carrying DS (n=4) or chromosomally normal (n=6) fetuses, as revealed by the cytogenetic analysis, were then subjected to global protein profiling based on liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Affinity chromatography was also applied prior to the LC-ESI-MS/MS to minimize the masking effect of highly abundant albumin and immunoglobulin and thereby increase the diversity of the identified proteins. As a result, at least 30 new AFS proteins were identified and 44 AFS proteins were found to be differentially expressed between the DS and normal cases, where 6 of the proteins were unique to the DS cases and 11 were unique to the chromosomally normal cases. In addition, in the DS cases, 19 AFS proteins were downregulated and 8 were upregulated to varying degrees. A Western blot analysis confirmed the LC-ESI-MS/MS data, indicating that the combined detection of apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) could be a potential tool for diagnosing DS cases.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2005

It has been more than three decades since the first assay assessing circulating 25 (OH)D in human subjects was performed That publication as well as several that followed it defined 'normal' nutritional vitamin D status in human populations. Recently, the wisdom by which 'normal' circulating 25 (OH)D levels in human subjects were assigned in the past has come under question. It appears that sampling human subjects, who appear to be free from disease, and assessing 'normal' circulating 25 (OH)D levels by plotting a Gaussian distribution is grossly inaccurate. There are many reasons why this method is inaccurate, including race, lifestyle habits, sunscreen usage, age, latitude, and inappropriately low dietary recommendations for vitamin D. For instance, a 400 IU/day. AI for vitamin D is insignificant when one considers that a 10-15 minute whole body exposure to peak summer sun will generate and release up to 20,000 IU vitamin $D_3$ into the circulation. Recent studies, which orally administered up to 10,000 IU/day vitamin $D_3$ to human subjects for several months, have successfully elevated circulating 25 (OH)D levels to those observed in individuals from sun-rich environments. Further, we are now able to accurately assess sufficient circulating 25 (OH)D levels utilizing specific biomarkers instead of guessing what an adequate level is. These biomarkers include intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium absorption, bone mineral density (BMD), insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell function. Using the data from these biomarkers, vitamin D deficiency should be defined as circulating levels of 25 (OH)D$\leq$30 ng/mL. In certain cases, such as pregnancy and lactation, significantly higher circulating 25 (OH)D levels would almost certainly be beneficial to both the mother and recipient fetus/infant.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.201-206
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• 1994

Down syndrome is one of the major chromosomal anomalies in Korea. To decrease incidence of Down syndrome, antenatal diagnosis is essential. At present, antenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome is done by karyotyping from chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, and cordocentsis. All these methods have some problems such as a risk of abortion, a long waiting time, difficulties in sampling, and so on. The aim of study was to confirm that PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction) using D21S11 primer could be a diagnostic tool for Down syndrome. PCR using D21S11 primers with $^{32}P$ labeling at 5' end was done in 21 cases of DNA from 21 Trisomy and 20 cases of DNA from normal karyotype. PCR product was running for 10 hours on the 6% polyacrylamide gel under 1,000 V or for 8 hours under 1,500 V. After X-ray film exposure, it was read by densitometry. Normal group showed 1: 1 band or single band. 21 Trisomy group showed 1.3-2: 1 band or 2.3 times of density compared to normal single band or 3 bands. This method gave the result within 24 hours. It can be an useful diagnostic tool to detect 21 Trisomy antenatally, especially in late pregnancy, and in preimplantation diagnosis.

• 한국영양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국영양학회 2004년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.22-33
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• 2004

It has been more than three decades since the first assay assessing circulating 25(OH)D in human subjects was performed. That publication as well as several that followed it defined 'normal' nutritional vitamin D status in human populations. Recently, the wisdom by which 'normal' circulating 25(OH)D levels in human subjects were assigned in the past has come under question. It appears that sampling human subjects, who appear to be free from disease, and assessing 'normal' circulating 25(OH)D levels by plotting a Gaussian distribution is grossly inaccurate. There are many reasons why this method is inaccurate, including race, lifestyle habits, sunscreen usage, age, latitude, and inappropriately low dietary recommendations for vitamin D. For instance, a 400IU/day. AI for vitamin D is insignificant when one considers that a 10-15 minute whole body exposure to peak summer sun will generate and release up to 20,000 IU vitamin $D_3$ into the circulation. Recent studies, which orally administered up to 10,000 IU/day vitamin $D_3$ to human subjects for several months, have successfully elevated circulating 25(OH)D levels to those observed in individuals from sun-rich environments. Further, we are now able to accurately assess sufficient circulating 25(OH)D levels utilizing specific biomarkers instead of guessing what an adequate level is. These biomarkers include intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium absorption, bone mineral density (BMD), insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell function. Using the data from these biomarkers, vitamin D deficiency should be defined as circulating levels of $25(OH)D{\leq}30ng/mL$. In certain cases, such as pregnancy and lactation, significantly higher circulating 25(OH)D levels would almost certainly be beneficial to both the mother and recipient fetus/infant.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.168-174
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• 1997

1993년 1월부터 1996년 9월까지 영남대학교 의과대학 부속병원 산부인과에 내원한 임신 8주에서 41주까지의 정상임산부 500명을 대상으로 혈청 AFP치를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 정상임산부 혈청 AFP치는 임신 8주에 가장 낮았으며, 임신 32주에서 최고치를 나타내었다. 2. 초산부와 경산부의 혈청 AFP평균치는 각각 $166.4{\pm}12.1ng/ml$, $223.8{\pm}14.0ng/ml$ 이었으며, 경산부가 초산부보다 혈청 AFP치가 통계적으로 의의있게 높았다(p<0.01). 3. 정상남아와 정상여아를 분만한 임산부의 혈청 AFP평균치는 각각 $193.0{\pm}13.0ng/ml$, $194.3{\pm}13.8ng/ml$이었으며, 정상남아를 분만한 임산부는 정상 여아를 분만한 임산부와 비교시 혈청 AFP치가 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 4. 각 주수에 따른 정상 산모의 혈청 AFP는 표 3과 같다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.22-33
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• 1989

Rapid socio-cultural and economic changes in the country has brought with it changes in the society's value system. For a traditional society that is increasingly being exposed to modernization but where sex norms are still very restrictive, the adolescent sexual mores takes on added significance. Adolescents are caught between two opposing forces, the changing environment that allows for freer and liberal mores and the traditional society that cannot keep pace with the changing environment and therefore demands resistance to changes. This paper focuses on problems of adolescent sexuality in this country and considers the countermeasures for the existing problems. Amongst the problems are: (a) increasingly younger age of the adolescents who start sexual intercourse (b) non-use of contraception, (c) unwanted pregnancies, (d) increase in the number of induced abortion and (e) increase in the number of unwanted children and unmarried mothers. The Korean adolescent's sexual behavior seems to follow that of the developed countries. In other words, many western modes of life and sexual values seem to bave been copied in Korea and yet Korean adolescents lack in their knowledge of sex related matters such as reproductive physiology and contraception. Among middle and high school students, female students are reported to have less knowledge on sex than male students according to a 1988 survey by KIPH. Even among the unmarried famale factory workers, only 42.5 percent replied they know of the condom, and 25.1 percent and 23.1 percent said they had knowledge of spermicide and menstrual regulation respectively. However, 14.9 percent and 13.9 percent reported that they had a knowledge of the loop and female sterilization respectively according to the 1984 study by KIPH. Among the middle school students 0.8 percent said they had experience in sexual intercourse, while 7.3 percent of the high school students reported having had sexual intercourse. The sexual intercourse experience rate among the unmarried female factory workers is 37.8 percent. Among those female factory workers with sexual experience, 46.7 percent had more than one sex partners. Only 39.1 percent of male students and 18.9 percent of female students among those with sexual intercourse experience have used contraceptives. mostly condoms and oral pills 45.1 percent of female factory workers with sexual intercourse experience used contraceptives such as pills, condoms and rhythm methods. The pregnancy experience rate among the female factory workers who had experience in sexual intercourse is 29.5 percent, which is 11.1 percent among the total respondents. Out of the 102 pregnant female workers, 98 workers(96.1 percent) terminated their pregnancy by induced abortion and 2 workders(2 percent) in natural abortion, while 1 worker(1 percent) was in pregnancy and another 1 worker had normal birth that was subsequently sent to orphanage. In order to cope with the problem of adolescent sexuality, a drastic and strong policy measures should be taken by the government. The most effective countermeasure to the adolescent sexual problems appears to the education. The sex and population education in the school is very much in need. In addition, sex education program through mass media and at the job sit-should be promoted for a healthy development of adolescents' sexual behavior. Also, the existing national family planning program, which has focused on the married couples, should be extended to the unmarried people in its scope and contents of the program.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권8호
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• pp.888-892
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• 2009

목 적 : 신생아실에서 만삭아에 준한 경과 관찰 후 퇴원한 후기 조산아들의 재입원과 관련된 위험 요인과 재입원 원인을 알고자 연구를 계획하였다. 방 법 : 2003년 1월부터 2008년 12월까지 일신 기독 병원 신생아실에서 만삭아에 준한 경과 관찰 후 퇴원한 후기 조산아들 중 생후 28일 이내에 재입원하였던 135명의 신생아들의 의무 기록지를 후향적으로 조사하였다. 재입원의 위험 요인을 알고자 대조군과 비교 분석하였다. 결 과 : 재입원과 관련된 위험 요인 연구에서 재태주수, 출생 체중, 성별, 분만 방법, 산모의 나이, 교육 정도, 결혼 여부, 진통과 분만 과정상의 합병증은 관련이 없었고, 모유 수유(71.9% vs 44.4%), 짧은 신생아실 경과 관찰 기간($3.3{\pm}1.6$일 vs $4.1{\pm}2.0$일), 초산모(60.0% vs 45.3%)와 임신 합병증이 있었던 경우(31.9% vs 18.8%) 통계적으로 유의하게 재입원율이 높았다. 재입원 시점은 출생 후 평균 $6.2{\pm}3.6$일로, 출생 5-6일 사이에 재입원하는 경우가 40.7%로 가장 많았다. 재입원 시 83.7%가 황달을 주소로 입원하여 가장 흔한 원인이었고, 자연 분만(43.4% vs 1.8%), 산모의 나이가 적은 경우($29.8{\pm}3.4$세 vs $32.1{\pm}4.2$세), 임신과 관련된 합병증 동반이 적은 경우(28.3% vs 50%)가 황달로 인한 재입원과 관련 있었다. 결론 : 후기 조산아들의 재입원과 관련된 위험 요인은 모유 수유, 짧은 신생아실 경과 관찰 기간, 초산모와 임신 합병증이 있었던 경우였고, 재입원 시점은 평균 $6.2{\pm}3.6$일, 가장 흔한 재입원 원인은 황달이었다.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제11권7호
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• pp.377-387
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• 2020

본 연구는 가임기 여성의 자연 유산 발생에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위한 후향적 서술적 조사연구이다. 연구대상자는 출산 또는 자연 유산의 임신 결과를 1회 이상 경험한 적이 있는 만 20~45세의 여성 198명이었으며, 구조화된 자가보고형 설문지를 이용하여 2019년 7월부터 한 달 동안 자료를 수집하였다. 연구결과, 자연 유산 발생에 영향을 미치는 요인은 임신 중 팬티라이너(매일: 기준, 주 1~2회: B=-1.74, 사용하지 않음: B=-0.77)와 항균제 사용 양상(자주 또는 많이: 기준, 소량 또는 보통: B=-0.71, 사용하지 않음: B=0.79), 직업군(무직: 기준, 서비스 종사자: B=0.73, 사무직: B=1.22, 전문직: B=0.63, 관리자: B=1.54) 및 환경호르몬 노출 위험행위(B=0.81)였으며, 이들의 설명력은 24.4%(R²=.24)였다. 이러한 결과에 따라 자연 유산 발생을 감소시키기 위하여 임신 중 환경호르몬 노출을 예방하고 직업환경에 유의하는 것이 필요할 것으로 생각한다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2002

수태는 많은 신체적인 기능들의 높은 에너지 요구 및 산소요구량 증가로 인하여 생리적인 변화를 수반한다. 때문에 산소 섭취량 및 이용이 증가하여 산화적인 스트레스의 증가를 기대할 수 있다. 수태중에 발생되는 free radical에 대하여 홍삼사포닌 투여가 간 항산화효소의 활성에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 수태중에 superoxide dismutase(SOD)의 활성은 전반적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 사포닌 투여군은 대조군에 비하여 유의한 변화가 관찰되지 않았다. 그리고 glutathione peroxidase(GPX) , gluthatione reductase (GRD)와 catalase의 활성도는 수태중에 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 반면에 사포닌 투여군은 대조군 비하여 GRD 및 catalase의 활성도에 유의한 변화를 나타냈다. 사포닌 투여군의 GPX의 활성도는 대조군에 비하여 감소하는 경향이 다소 적게 나타났다. 수태중 대조군의 glutathione-S-transferase (GST) 활성도는 항상성을 유지하기 위해 증가하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 사포닌 투여군도 대조군에 비하여 이 효소의 활성도가 더욱 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 분만 후 대조군 및 사포닌 투여군은 정상수준으로 회복되었다. 수태와 같은 생체변화에도 불구하고 수태한 흰쥐의 간 항산화 효소활성에 대한 사포닌의 영향은 산소독성에 대하여 모체간을 보호해주는 생리적 항상성의 적응메카니즘에 의하여 조절되는 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.279-292
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• 1997

The vaccinations of susceptible children and postpubertal females are the major means to prevent congenital rubella syndrome(CRS). Another means for reducing the CRS is therapeutic abortion or fetal monitoring for women who are infected in the first four months of pregnancy. We could not estimate the incidence of CRS in Korea, because there was no surveillance system for rubella and CRS. Nationwide vaccination program for 15months infant had been started early 1980s. So, most women at childbearing age during study period were not received rubella vaccination. We set forth CRS management system for pregnant women in two rural county of Kyonggi province, Korea. In this system, the presence of rubella IgG and IgM antibodies for early pregnant women were examined with MEIA(Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay) method by IMx automated analyzer $Abbott^(R)$. The infected pregnant women followed up in order to confirm their childrens CRS. This study was carried out from Mu. 1993 to Jun. 1994, and pregnant women examined were 874 persons. The results were summarized as follows. The overall positive .ate of rubella IgG antibody was 94.5%(826/874). The positive rate was significantly increase as the age increased, and reached 100% in pregnant women who were over 35 years old. This results suggest that a meaningful number of women are infected during childbearing years. The geometric mean titer of IgG of sero-positive subjects was significantly declined as the age increased. On the question about history of URI symptoms and rash in pregnancy, 20.7% of respondents checked on URI symptoms with .ash, 13.5% only URI symptoms without .ash, and 65.8% no symptoms. However there was no demonstrable association between the rubella like infection history in pregnancy and the rubella IgG and IgM antibody status. Rubella infection .ate in pregnant women was 0.9%(95% CI 0.4-1.8%). Two of these 8 infected pregnancies were terminated by therapeutic abortion. One of them was not followed. Five babies had no gross anomalies at birth. In Dec. 1996, three of five babies were normal appeared infants. Two of them were not followed. Throughout this study results, we confirmed the need of CRS management system for pregnant women, in Korea.