• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1993.04a
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• pp.54-54
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• 1993

Two strains of genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs) have been derived from Sprague Dawley stock. One strain, known by the acronym GEPR-9, has a more pronounced epileptic condition than the other strain, known by the acronym GEPR-3. Only a small fraction of commercially available Sprague Dawley rats exhibits evidence of epilepsy. GEPRS are similar to most humans with epilepsy in that their general behaviors appear normal . GEPRS also share other traits with their non-epileptic counterparts. They are susceptible to forebrain and brainstem seizures produced by convulsant drugs and electrical currents. Because GEPRs and normal rats share these seizure non-epileptic brain rather than to an understanding of epilepsy. However, humans wi th epilepsy, the GEPR and other mammal inn models of genetic epilepsy are distinctive because they are characterized by seizure predisposition.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 1994

Using 2 to 4 day-old postnatal rats, primary brain cell cultures were made from various brain regions (substantia nigra, hippocampus, striatum, and nucleus accumbens). Whole-cell patch clamp technique was used for electrophysiological studies. Neurons cultured from substantia nigra were characterized more in detail to test whether these cultured neurons were appropriate for physiological studies. Immunocytochemical and electrophysiological properties of these cultured neurons agreed with those from other in vivo or in vitro studies suggesting that cultured neurons maintained normal cytological and physiological conditions. Modulation of ionic channels through dopamine receptors were studied from brain areas where dopamine plays important roles on brain functions. When neurons were clamped near resting membrane potential (-74mV), R(+), R(+)-SKF 38393, a specific D$_1$receptor agonist, activated cultured striatal neurons, and dopamine itself produced biphasic responses. Responses of cultured hippocampal neurons to dopamine agonists were kinds of mirror images to those from striatal neurons; D$_1$receptor agonists inhibited hippocampal neurons but quinpirole, a D$_2$receptor agonist, activated them. Neurons cultured from nucleus accumbens were inhibited by dopamine.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1995

Antioxidant effect of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) was investigated in rats. Long-term administration of ginseng water extract protected the activity of liver cytosotic SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase from being significantly decreased with advancing age (p<0.05). It was more effective toward glutathione peroxidase than other antioxidant enzymes. However, the level of sulfhydryl compounds and its related enzymes such as glutathione reductase and glutathione-5-transferase was not significantly changed by the administration of ginseng. Liver microsomal formation of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide did not show a significant difference between two groups although it was slightly decreased with age, but lipid peroxidizability of microsomal membrane induced by a prooxidant was slightly lower in ginseng-treated rats. Interestingly, antioxidant capacity of plasma from ginseng treated rats on autooxidation of ok-brain homogenates was much higher than that of normal ones. However, resistance of RBC membrane against oxidative stress showed a similar tendency. The content of serum TBA reactive substances lowered consistently in the rats treated with r ginseng at all corresponding age and a significant difference between two groups was found at 24 months of age (p<0.05). Ginseng extract protected lipid peroxidation in brain and liver. This protection was more effective in the stressed rats imposed by immobilization than normal ones. In conclusion, ginseng water extract protected the age related deterioration of major antioxidant enzymes, and this effect was more striking with increasing duration of treatment. This comprehensive antioxidant action of ginseng seems to be bra certain action of ginseng other than a direct antioxidant action, which might be a long term normalizing effect through the harmony of various components.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2024

To compare and analyze the improvement effects of white ginseng extract, red ginseng extract, and black ginseng extract on cognitive dysfunction and memory impairment caused by scopolamine in rats. In the cognitive behavioral test, the tendency of the SCOP+B group to overcome the escape time delay induced by scopolamine administration was observed, unlike the SCOP group. The frequency on plat form was significantly increased in the group treated with ginseng extracts compared to the SCOP group. As a result of measuring the duration time on goal quadrant, the time spent in the quadrant was significantly increased in the SCOP+B group compared to the SCOP group. In the hippocampus, the SCOP-treated group significantly decreased the activity of AChE compared to the normal group, but the ginseng extract-treated groups significantly increased it compared to the SCOP group. After sacrificing the rats after the behavioral test, the expression of PSD95 protein in the excised brain was significantly decreased in the SCOP group compared to normal, but it was observed that the SCOP+R and SCOP+B groups were significantly increased compared to the SCOP group. CREB1 protein expression was significantly increased in the SCOP+R group, and the expression of Cdk5 was significantly increased in the SCOP+B group. Ginseng extracts significantly restored the memory damaged by scopolamine suggesting that red ginseng increased the expression of CREB1 and PSD95 proteins, and black ginseng increased the protein expression of Cdk5 and PSD95 to induce memory recovery.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.330-335
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• 1991

The effects of physostigmine and neostigmine on the parathin induced toxicity were examined in adult female rats. Physostigmine $(100\;{\mu}g/kg,\;ip)$ or neostigmine $(200\;{\mu}g/kg,\;ip)$ inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cholinesterase (ChE) activities in blood, brain and lung when the enzyme activity was measured 30 min after the treatment. At the doses of two carbamates equipotent on brain AChE, neostigmine showed greater inhibition on peripheral AChE/ChE. The enzyme activity returned to normal in 120 min following the carbamates except in the lung of rats treated with neostigmine. Carbamates administered 30 min prior to parathion (2 mg/kg) antagonized the inhibition of AChE/ChE by parathion when the enzyme activity was measured 2 hr following parathion. Neostigmine showed greater protective effect on peripheral AChE/ChE. The effect of either carbamate on AChE/ChE was not significant 2 hr beyond the parathion treatment. Carbamates decreased the mortality of rats challenged with a lethal dose of parathion (4 mg/kg, ip) either when treated alone or in combination with atropine (10 mg/kg, ip). Lethal action of paraoxon (1.5 mg/ks ip), the active metabolite of parathion was also decreased by the carbamate treatment indicating that the protection was not mediated by competitive inhibition of metabolic conversion of parathion to paraoxon. The results suggest that carbamylation of the active sites may not be the sole underlying mechanism of protection provided by the carbamates.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.153-171
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• 2007

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate effects of Gagambosim-Tang(GBT) of focal brain ischemic injury induced by intraluminal filament insertion in the rats. Method : The ischemia was induced by intraluminal filament insertion into middle cerebral artery Eight-arm radial maze was designed for the behavioral task. Gagambosim-Tang was orally administrated in SD rats for 21 days. The task was started on the 4th week after focal brain injury, and performed two trials per day for 6days. The effects of Gagambosim-Tang on neuroprotective agents in cresyl violet, choline acetyltranferase(ChAT), nerve growth factor (NGF)-stain and c-Fos with ischemic injury were investigated. Results : The errors in the eight-arm radial maze task were significantly decreased in normal group compared with control group on 2-6days, GBT lX(42.2 mg/ml)orally administrated group on 1days, GBT 6X(253.2 mg/ml) on 3, 5, 6days. The rate of correct choice was increased in normal and GBT 6X groups. The neuroprotective effect in the hippocampal CA1 was increased in normal and GBT 1X, GBT 6X groups compared with control group. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was increased in normal and GBT6X groups compared with control group. The density of NGF in the hippocampal CA1 was increased normal and GBT6X groups compared with control group. The number of c-Fos-positive neurons in the hippocampal CA1 was increased in normal and GBT 6X groups compared with control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that Gagambosim-Tang may have protective effect on dementia.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.10 no.1_2
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• pp.15-20
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• 1995

The effects of volatile substances inhalation on lactate dehydrogenase and cholinesterase in rats were investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to marketed odorant, ethyl acetate and ethyl ether for 15 days. Enzyme activities were measured in serum and several tissues such as liver, lung, brain, heart, kidney and muscle to find differences of effects according to the organ. Cholinesterase activity in serum and most of tissues revealed time-dependent decrease in the case of marketed odorant inhalation. Especially in heart and kidney significant decrease was observed. Ethyl acetate exposure to rats revealed also decrease in serum and all tissues by 40% to 60%. Ethyl ether inhalation showed significant decrease by 30% to 50%. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was markedly increased in serum and similarly in heart, brain and kidney by exposure to marketed odorant. No changes were observed in liver. Ethyl acetate exposure to rats revealed increase in serum by about 200%, compared to normal group and in other tissues by 40% to 70% except in liver and muscle. Ethyl ether inhalation showed significant increase in serum by about 100%. There was no change in 'liver and slight increase in muscle.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.278-299
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• 1998

This study was aimed to evaluate the anti-stress effect of danchisoyosan on the rats stressed by immobilization. The experimental animals were immobilized in the stress box($5{\times}5{\times}20cm$) for 12 hours in a day during 3 days, and administered $500mg/5m{\ell}/g$ of Danchisoyosan extract for 14 days before stress. There were measured the change of body weight and organ weight under immobilized-stress. The norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonine contents were measured by HPLC method in rat brain. There were measured the GOT, GPT contents in serum and tissue lipid peroxidation in the brain, liver, spleen, adrenalgland, pancreas, testes, thymus, heart. The following results were obtained: 1. The change of organ weight was significantly lower in control than normal group. Sample group inhibited decreased weight from stress comparing to control group. 2. Lipid peroxidation in the liver was significantly higher in control than normal group. Sample group shows significant decrease comparing to control group. 3. Lipid peroxidation in the kidney was significantly higher in control than normal group. Sample group shows significant decrease comparing to control group. 4. GPT contents in serum was significantly higher in control than normal group. Sample up shows significant decrease comparing to control group. 5. Dopamine contents in the brain was significantly higher in control than normal group. Sample group shows significant decrease comparing to control group. 6. Serotonine contents in the brain was significantly higher in control than normal group. Sample group shows significant decrease comparing to control group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.313-319
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• 1984

The effect of morphine on food intake on freely fed Sprague - Dawley rats was examined Opiate receptor binding assay was used to investigate the possibility of the opioid system involved in food intake regulation of normal rats. When rats were treated with 5mg morphine per kg body weight, subcutaneously, the food intake of the rats for the first 2 hours was increased 125% of the control rats. The effect of morphine on food intake of male and female rats were greater when the morphine was injected at 10 : 00 a.m than that in the rats administered the morphine at 4 : 00 p.m. The morphine effect was not significant in older rats and female was more responsive than male rats. In morphine treated rats, opioid receptor density has exhibited 33% reduction as measured by the $^{3}H-naloxone$ binding assay with whole brain homogenate. These results indicate that the increase of food intake by morphine for 2 hours after the injection may be mediated through the opioid system in rat brain.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.32-44
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• 2004

Objectives : This study was undertaken to prove the effect of GSHT on the glutamate receptor, free radical and brain damage in rats subjected to brain ischemia Methods : Levels of cultured cortical neuron death caused by toxic chemicals were measured by LDH release assay. Neuroprotective effects of GSHT on brain tissues were examined in vivo by ischemic model of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Results : GSHT showed significant inhibitory effect on LDH release induced by NMDA-kinate-Fe/sup 2+/. GSHT remarkably decreased coma duration time in a nonfatal dose of KCN and showed higher survival rate in a fatal dose. GSHT remarkably decreased ischemic area and edema induced by the MCA blood flow block. GSHT showed high improvement of forelimb and hind limb test after MCA occlusion in neurological examination. GSHT showed no significant change after MCA occlusion in pathological observation of the normal group. Conclusions : These results indicate that GSHT can be used to treat the brain damage caused by brain ischemia. Further study will be needed about the functional mechanism, etc.