• Applied Microscopy
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.363-377
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• 1998

After the investigation on the eye of Incilaria fruhstorieri with light and electron microscopes, the following results were obtained. The eye of Incilaria fruhstorferi comprises cornea, lens, vitreous body, retina, and optic nerve inward from the outside. Cornea is composed of squamous, cuboid, columnar and irregular cells, which appear to be light due to their low electron density. In their cytoplasms, glycogen granules, multivesicular body, and nucleus were observed. Vitreous body, located behind non-cellular transparent lens, is filled with long and short microvilli protruding from the retinal epithelia. Retinal epithelium, the organ to perceive objects, is divided into four parts; microvillar layer pigment layer, nuclear layer, and neutrophils layer, from the apical portion. Microvillar layer consists of the type-I photoreceptor cells and pigmented granule cells. In the apical portion of their cytoplasms, long microvilli (length, $19{\mu}m$) , short microvilli (length, $8{\mu}m$), and rolled microvilli grow thick in the irregular and mixed forms. Photoreceptor cells are classified into type-I and type-II, according to their structures. The type-I cell has the apical portion rising roundly like a fan and the lower part which looks like the helve of a fan. In the cytoplasm of the apical portion, there are clear vesicles, cored vesicles, ovoid mitochondria, and microfilaments, and in the cytoplasm of the lower part, photic vesicles with their diameters about 60nm aggregate densely. The type-II photoreceptor cell, located at the lower end of the type-I cells, has a very large ovoid nucleus 3nd no microvilli. In the cytoplasm of the type-II cell, the photic vesicles with sizes 60nm aggregate more densely than in the cytoplasm of the type-I cell. Pigmented cells are classified into type-A and type-B, according to their structures. The type-A is identified to be a large cell containing round granules (diameter, $0.5{\mu}m$) of very high electron density, while the type-B is identified as a small cell where the irregular granules (diameter, $0.6{\mu}m$) of a little lower electron density amalgamate. Nuclear layer ranges from the bottom of pigment layer to the top of the capsule, and contains three kinds of nuclei (nuclei of the type-II photoreceptor cell, pigmented granule cell, and accessory neuron). The capsules covering the outmost part of the eyeball are composed of collagenous fiber and three longitudinal muscle layers (the thickness of each longitudinal muscle layer, $0.4{\mu}m$) and thick circular muscle layer (thickness, $0.3{\mu}m$). Around the capsules, there is a neurophile layer consisting of neurons and nerve fibers. Each neuron has a relatively large ovoid nucleus for its cytoplasm, and in the karyosome, large lumps of keterochromatin form a wheel nucleus.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.205-212
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• 1999

야콘재배에 있어서 무멀칭구와 PE 멀칭구 그리고 PE 멀칭의 종류별로 야콘의 생육 및 수량을 검토하고, 전생육기간 동안 비닐멀칭 여부를 조사함으로써 다수확을 위한 야콘재배의 지표를 설정하고자 실시 하였다. 1. 수확시기에 멀칭구의 초장이 $134{\sim}139$ cm로써 비멀청구의 112 cm에 비하여 10 cm이상 컸으며, 다른 형질들 역시 초장의 경향과 유사하였다. 2. 주당 수량 역시 멀칭구가 $0.79{\sim}$0.91 kg으로써 비밀칭구의 0.61kg에 비해 많아 멀칭에 의하여 증수되었다. 3. 멀칭재료는 배색비닐에서 초장이 139 cm로써 가장 양호하였고, 투명비닐, 녹색비닐 그리고 흑색비닐 순으로 짧아졌으나, 주당 수량은 배색비닐에서 0.91 kg으로써 가장 양호하였고 흑색비닐, 녹색비닐 그리고 투명비닐 순으로 적어졌다 4. 수확시기까지 멀칭비닐을 제거하지 않는 것이 재배중간에 멀칭비닐을 제거하는 것보다 생육 및 수량이 양호하였다. 5. 야콘재배에 있어서 멀칭은 지온상승과 토양수분을 보존함으로써 증수에 기여하는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2011

조립토로 구성된 지반구조물의 안정성은 전단변형에 따른 전단영역의 특성변화에 의해 영향을받는다. 본 연구의 목적은 전단파와 전기비저항 및 콘 선단저항력을 이용하여 직접전단실험시 발생하는 전단영역의 특성을 파악하는 것이다. 전단영역의 특성을 파악하기 위하여, 아크릴 재질로 직접전단상자를 제작하였으며, 직접전단상자의 벽면에는 전단파와 전기비저항의 측정을 위하여 벤더엘리먼트와 전기비저항 프로브를 설치하였다. 벤더엘리먼트와 전기비저항 프로브는 전단영역과 비전단영역에 각각 설치되어, 전단변형에 따른 조립토의 거동을 비교할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한, 콘 선단저항력을 측정할 수 있도록 개발한 마이크로 콘을 첨두강도상태와 잔류강도상태에서 관입하여 깊이에 따른 시료의 강도분포를 관찰하였다. 실험결과, 바닥부근과 하부전단영역에서는 전단변형에 따른 전단파 속도는 일정하였지만, 상부전단영역에서의 전단파 속도는 증가하였다. 또한, 바닥부근의 전기비저항은 변화가 없는 반면, 하부전단영역에서 전기비저항은 상대밀도에 따라 수직변형률과 반비례관계로 나타났다. 콘 선단저항력의 변화도 전단파 속도의 변화와 유사하게 상부전단영역에서 큰 변화가 관찰되었다. 본 논문에서 제시한 직접전단실험시 전단파와 전기비저항을 관찰하는 것과 실험완료 후 콘 관입실험은 조립토의 전단영역 특성을 파악하기 위한 매우 효과적인 방법이 될 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.150-156
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• 2001

To explore the feasibility of recycled paper mulching in spring-grown potato the changes of soil environments and the growth and yield of potato under non-mulched control and three mulching treatments of recycled paper (RPM), transparent polyethylene film (TPFM), and black polyethylene film (BPFM) were examined over two spring seasons in 1998 and 1999 at Suwon, Korea. The mulching materials were a recycled mulch paper with 110 g/$m^2$ and a thickness of 0.1mm, which was manufactured from old corrugated containers for this experiment and the commercial polyethylene films with a thickness of 0.01mm. RPM lowered the average soil temperature at 5-cm depth during the potato growing period by 03$^{\circ}C$ compared with the control, whereas TPFM and BPFM raised it by 2.$0^{\circ}C$, and 1.8$^{\circ}C$, respectively. On a sunny day during sprout emergence, RPM reduced the maximum soil temperature by about 5$^{\circ}C$, while TPFM and BPFM enhanced it by about 11$^{\circ}C$ and 6.$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. The temperature difference between the control and the mulching treatments decreased with the development of canopy. All the mulching treatments had an advantage in preserving the soil moisture over the control. RPM and BPFM resulted in the effective control of weed by obstructing light transmission onto soil surface, but TPFM had no control effect of weed. Sprout emergence started two to three days earlier in TPFM and BPFM, but one day later in RPM than in the control due to the altered soil temperature by the mulching treatments. However, the final percentage of emergence was notably lower in TPFM than that in the control because of too high soil temperature during daytime, but was not different among the control, RPM, and BPFM. During the early stage of potato growth, the shoot and root growth under RPM was lower compared with the control, but afterwards, RPM outpaced the control. In 1998 experiment, the tuber yield under RPM and BPFM were significantly higher than those of the control and TPFM. In 1999 experiment, there was no significant difference in tuber yield between RPM and the control.

• 태양에너지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.29-36
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• 1982

The Solar Energy R&D Department of KIER under the auspice of the Korean government is pushing hard on the development of the passive solar technology with high priority for the expeditious widespread use of solar energy in Korea, since the past few years of experiences told us that the active solar technology is not yet ready for massive commercialization in Korea. KIER has completed the construction of the Solar Energy Research & Test Center in Seoul, which houses the major facilities for its all solar test programs. The Center was designed as a passive solar building with great emphasis on the energy conserving ideas. The Center is not only the largest passive building in Korea, but also the exhibit center for the effective demonstration of the passive heating and cooling technology to the Korean public. The Center was designed to satisfy the requirements based on the technical and economical criteria set by the KIER. Careful considerations, therefore, were given in depth in the following areas to meet the requirements. 1) Passive Heating Concepts The Center employed the combination of direct and indirect gain system. The shape of the Center is Balcomb House style, and it included a large built-in sunspace in front. A partition, consists of transparent and translucent glazings, separates the sunspace and the living space. Since most activities in the Center occur during the day time, direct utilization of the solar energy by the living spaces was emphasized with the limited energy storage capacity. 2) Passive Cooling Concepts(for Summer) Natural ventilation concept was utilized throughout the building. In the direct gain portion of the system, the front glazing can be openable during the cooling season. Natural convection scheme was also applied to the front sunspace for the Summer cooling. Reflective surfaces and curtains were utilized wherever needed. 3) Auxiliary Heat ing and Cooling System As an auxiliary cooling system, mechanical means(forced convection system) were adopted. Therefore forced air heating system was also used to match the duct work requirements of the auxiliary cool ing system. 4) Effect ive Insulation & Others These included the double glazed windows, the double entry doors, the night glazing insulation, the front glazing-frame insulation as well as the building skin insulation. All locally available construction materials were used, and natural lightings were provided as much as possible. The expected annual energy savings (compared to the non-insulated conventional building)of the Center was estimated to be about 80%, which accounts for both the energy conservation and the solar energy source. The Center is being instumented for the actual performance tests. The experimental results of the simplified tests are discussed in this paper.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.209-222
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• 1997

Authors surveyed the ground water near the waste disposed from a fiberglass production factory to confirm the presence of glassfiber in the water and to determine the effect of sampling conditions and storage on the recovery of fibrous materials in the ground water. Sample was collected at every 4 hours for 48 hours consecutively. After finishing the 48 hours sample, water sampling was done from each tap after repeated turning on and off the water for 30 seconds at each time. Sample was collected in the two 1.5 liter polyethylene bottle after vigorously shaking the bottle with the same water several times with the flowing tap water. At each paired sample, one bottle was stored stand still at room temperature, and the other sample was filtered immediately after sampling. Water was filtered on the Mixed Cellulose Ester filter with negative pressure. Each sample was divided into upper and lower layer. The other bottle was stored at room temperature standstill for 7 days and filtered in the same fashion as the other pair of sample did. Each MCE filter was divided into 4 pieces and one piece was treated with acetone to make it transparent. Each prepared sample was observed by two researchers under the light and polarizing microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ra microanalysis. Fibers were classified by the morphology and polarizing pattern under the polarizing microscope, and count was done. 1. There was a significant fluctuation in number of the fibers, but there was no specific demonstrable pattern. 2. Non-polarizing fibers frequently disappeared after 7 days's storage. But cluster of fibers were found at the wall of the same container by scratching technique. 3. Polarizing fibers were usually found in between the filter and the manicure pasted area. Possible explanations for this phenomenon will be that either these fibers are very light or have electronic polarity. Hence, these fibers are not able to be attached on the surface of slide glass. 4. Under the scanning electron microscopic examination, the fibers which are not refractive under the light microscopy were identified as glassfiber. Other fibers which is refractive under the polarizing microscopy were identified as magnesium silicate fibers. It is strongly suggested that development of standardized method of sample collection and measurement of fibrous material in the water is needed.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2006년도 6th International Meeting on Information Display
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• pp.421-421
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• 2006

The light and energy-efficiency of classical liquid crystal displays is notoriously poor due to the use of absorption-based linear polarisers and colour filters. For instance, the light efficiency of PVAL polarisers is typically between 40 and 45 % and the colour filters have a typical efficiency below 35 % which results in a total light and energy-efficiency of the display below 10 %. In the past, a variety of polarizers were developed with an enhanced efficiency in generating linearly polarized light. Typically, these polarizers are based on the polarisationselective reflection, scattering or refraction of light i.e. one polarisation direction of light is directly transmitted to the LCD/viewer and the other polarization direction of light is depolarised and recycled which results in a typical efficiency for generating linearly polarized light of 70-85 %. Also, special colour filters have been proposed based on chiral-nematic reactive mesogens which increase the efficiency of generating colour. Despite the enormous progress in this field, a need persists for improved methods for generating polarized light and colour based on low cost optical components with a high efficiency. Here, the use of holographic phase gratings is reported for the generation of polarized light and colour. The phase grating are recorded in a photopolymer which is coated onto a backor frontlight for LCDs. Typically the recording is performed in the transmisson mode or in the waveguiding mode and slanted phase gratings are generated with their refractive index modulation at an angle between 20o and 45o with the normal of the substrate. It is shown that phase gratings with a high refractive index modulation and a high efficiency can be generated by a proper selection of the photopolymer and illumination conditions. These phase gratings coupleout linearly polarized light with a high contrast (> 100) and the light is directed directly to the LCD/viewer without the need for redirection foils. Dependent on the type of phase grating, the different colours are coupled-out at a slightly different angle which potentially increases the efficiency of classical colour filters. Moreover, the phase gratings are completely transparent in direct view which opens the possibility to use them in frontlights for LCDs. Holographic polarization gratings posses a periodic pattern in the polarization state of light (and not in the intensity of light). A periodic pattern in the polarization direction of linearly polarized light is obtained upon interference of two circularly polarized laser beams. In the second part of the lecture, it is shown that these periodic polarization patterns can be recorded in a linear photo-polymerizable polymer (LPP) and that such an alignment layer induces a period rotation in the director of (reactive and non-reactive) liquid crystals. By a proper design, optical components can be produced with only first order diffraction and with a very high efficiency (>0.98). It is shown that these diffraction gratings are potentially useful in projection displays with a high brightness and energy efficiency

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.409-409
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• 2014

Recently hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), III-V compound of boron and nitrogen with strong covalent $sp^2$ bond, is a 2 dimensional insulating material with a large direct band gap up to 6 eV. Its outstanding properties such as strong mechanical strength, high thermal conductivity, and chemical stability have been reported to be similar or superior to graphene. Because of these excellent properties, h-BN can potentially be used for variety of applications such as dielectric layer, deep UV optoelectronic device, and protective transparent substrate. Ultra flat and charge impurity-free surface of h-BN is also an ideal substrate to maintain electrical properties of 2 dimensional materials such as graphene. To synthesize a single or a few layered h-BN, chemical vapor deposition method (CVD) has been widely used by using an ammonia borane as a precursor. Ammonia borane decomposes into hydrogen (gas), monomeric aminoborane (solid), and borazine (gas) that is used for growing h-BN layer. However, very active monomeric aminoborane forms polymeric aminoborane nanoparticles that are white non-crystalline BN nanoparticles of 50~100 nm in diameter. The presence of these BN nanoparticles following the synthesis has been hampering the implementation of h-BN to various applications. Therefore, it is quite important to grow a clean and high quality h-BN layer free of BN particles without having to introduce complicated process steps. We have demonstrated a synthesis of a high quality h-BN monolayer free of BN nanoparticles in wafer-scale size of $7{\times}7cm^2$ by using CVD method incorporating a simple filter system. The measured results have shown that the filter can effectively remove BN nanoparticles by restricting them from reaching to Cu substrate. Layer thickness of about 0.48 nm measured by AFM, a Raman shift of $1,371{\sim}1,372cm^{-1}$ measured by micro Raman spectroscopy along with optical band gap of 6.06 eV estimated from UV-Vis Spectrophotometer confirm the formation of monolayer h-BN. Quantitative XPS analysis for the ratio of boron and nitrogen and CS-corrected HRTEM image of atomic resolution hexagonal lattices indicate a high quality stoichiometric h-BN. The method presented here provides a promising technique for the synthesis of high quality monolayer h-BN free of BN nanoparticles.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2009

경골어류 시클리드과에 속하는 Cichlasoma managuense의 수정란 난막구조를 광학현미경과 전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 수정란은 약황색의 불투명한 부착성 및 침란성란으로 장타원형이었으며 크기는 장축 $1.43{\pm}0.04\;mm$, 단축 $1.85{\pm}0.03\;mm$였다. 수정란의 동물극쪽에서 수정을 위한 정자의 통로로 생각되는 난문이 위치하고 있었고 위란강은 잘 발달되어 있지 않았다. 수정란 난막의 표면에는 부착성 망상구조물들이 덮고 있었고 난문의 형태는 깔때기 형태였다. 수정란 난막의 단면을 관찰한 결과 2층으로 구성되어 있었으며 외층은 부착성 층, 내층은 전자밀도가 서로 다른 $13{\sim}15$층의 층상구조를 하고 있었다. 수정란의 외형은 전형적인 시클리드과에 속하는 다른 어류와 동일한 형태를 하고 있어 과의 특성을 보이며 이들 수정란 난막에서 표면과 단면의 미세구조는 Cichlasoma managuense만이 가지고 있는 종특이성이 될 수 있기 때문에 경골어류의 종을 분류하는데 형태학적 형질로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.39-42
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• 2017

E-glass (electrical glass) fiber is the widely used as a reinforced composite material of PCBs (printed circuit boards). However, E-glass fiber is not stable because it has a dielectric constant of 6~7. On the other hand, D-glass (dielectric glass) fiber has a low dielectric constant of 3~4.5. Thus, it is adaptable for use as a reinforcing material of PCBs. In this study, we fabricated D-glass compositions with low dielectric constant, and measured the electrical and optical properties. In the glass composition, the boron content was changed from 9 to 31 wt%. To confirm the dependence of the dielectric constant on melting properties, D-glass with 22 wt% boron was melted at $1550^{\circ}C$ and $1650^{\circ}C$ for 2hrs. The glass melted at $1650^{\circ}C$ had a lower dielectric constant than the glass melted at $1550^{\circ}C$. Therefore, the D-glass with boron of 9~31 wt% was fabricated by melting at $1650^{\circ}C$ for 2hrs, and transparent clear glass was obtained. We identified the non-crystalline nature of the glass using an XRD (x-ray diffractometer) graph. The visible light transmittance values depending on the boron contents were measured and found to be 88.6 % ~ 82.5 %. Finally, the dielectric constant of the D-glass with 31 wt% boron was found to have decreased from 4.18 to 3.93.