• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.5 s.52
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• pp.511-523
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• 1995

The elastic open activator is one of the modified myodynamic activator. The reduced size of the appliance mass motivates the patients' comfort and longer time of wearing. Its peculiarities in loose fitting and the lack of appliance stabilization in the mouth draws the tongue and the surrounding functional matrices on close interaction with the appliance, consigns the physiologic exertion to target structures, and eventually makes it feasible to the inland of non-extraction treatment In the context of the sagittal malocclusion, the orthodontic trench is dependent upon the growth of basal structure aimed, therefore, it is contemplated to grabble the effects of Elastic Open Activator upon the class II malocclusion of growing child retrospectively. The cephalometric headfilms and study models of nine Class II malocclusion of growing child retrospectively. The cephalometric headfilms and study models of nine class II division 1 and five division 2 patients were evaluated and analyzed, and the following observations were drawn, 1. The maxilla maintained a normal growth pattern in both groups. 2. The mandible grew anteroinferiorly in both groups. 3. The upper incisors tipped ligually in Class II division 1 and tipped labially in Class II division 2 and anterior vertical alveolar growth was interrupted in both groups. 4. The lower incisors tipped labially. 5. There was an arch expansion in both groups and increase of available space in Class II division 2

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.73-85
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of the urinary incontinence and it's relating factors in women. The target population is 327 community dwelling women in the age of 30-70 years old at 6 cities in Korea. The data were collected from August, 1996 to December. 1996 with interview using structured questionaire composing of items of general characteristics, obstetric characteristics, disease characteristics, situation of experiencing urinary incontinence, discomfort due to urinary incontinence, and depression. The data were analysed with $SPSS/PC^+$ program, T-test, $x^2$ test, and ANOVA test. The results obtained from this study were as follows : 1) The prevalence of urinary incontinence in women is 37.7%(130/327). 2) The mean duration of experiencing the urinary incontinence was 75.9 months and the 60% of the respondents experienced a few frequency of urinary incontinence and the most common amount of urinary incontinence(91.5%) was somewhat small expressed as 'wetting their clothes'. 3) The common factors related to the urinary incontinence were coughing, sneezing, laughing aloudly, and the activities of need for hurry. 4) The most common situations of discomforts associated with urinary incontinence were having long journey, exercise, playing, and social meeting. 5) The incidence of urinary incontinence was significantly higher in woman who had more children, older age of last delivery, more vaginal delivaries, and less c-section. 6) The incidence of urinary incontinence was not affected with the disease characteristics of the respondents, however it was higher when the women had the physical problems of constipation, abdominal laparatomy and episode of urinary catheterization than who had not. 7) The most common symptom of urinary incontinence was the frequent urine(43.1%), and the next was the urgent urine(12.3), delayed urine(9.2%). 8) 90.7% of the epsodic urinary incontinence were not treated at al, however, they wanted to try the herb medicine(41.5%), Kegel exercise(27.7%), and biofeedback(10.0%). 9) The level of Depression in the group of urinary incontinence was higher than that of non incontinence group significantly. In conclusion, as urinary incontinence in women proved severe health problem, health care providers need to develop and provide nursing intervention of urinary incontinence such as pelvic muscle exercise with bio-feedback and psychological care.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.17-30
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• 2018

Currently, the global climate change response paradigm has been changed to a universal response system in which all nations, not the developed countries, participate. Korea has also set a target of 25.9 million tons of transportation greenhouse gas reduction targets by 2030. Korean society is expected to enter the super aging society in 2026. In this study, to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in public transport and to improve the convenience of transportation vulnerable, we estimate the willingness to pay(WTP) and social benefits assuming that the existing feeder buses are replaced with medium-sized low floor electric buses. To this end, survey was conducted on bus users in the metropolitan area and WTP was estimated by using contingent valuation method(CVM), which is one of the non-market value evaluation methods. As a result of estimation of WTP, the average WTP is 51.4 (won / time person), estimated the economic benefits were 50 million won on weekdays and 40 million won on weekends in Gyeonggi Province in 2014.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.3267-3274
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• 2014

In order to investigate the effects of the double replacement of $\small{L}$-Pro, $\small{D}$-Pro, $\small{D}$-Leu or Nleu (the peptoid residue for Leu) in the hydrophobic face (positions 9 and 13) of amphipathic ${\alpha}$-helical non-cell-selective antimicrobial peptide $L_8K_9W_1$ on the structure, cell selectivity and mechanism of action, we synthesized a series of $L_8K_9W_1$ analogs with double replacement of $\small{L}$-Pro, $\small{D}$-Pro, $\small{D}$-Leu or Nleu in the hydrophobic face of $L_8K_9W_1$. In this study, we have confirmed that the double replacement of $\small{L}$-Pro, $\small{D}$-Pro, or Nleu in the hydrophobic face of $L_8K_9W_1$ let to a great increase in the selectivity toward bacterial cells and a complete destruction of ${\alpha}$-helical structure. Interestingly, $L_8K_9W_1$-$\small{L}$-Pro, $L_8K_9W_1$-$\small{D}$-Pro and $L_8K_9W_1$-Nleu preferentially interacted with negatively charged phospholipids, but unlike $L_8K_9W_1$ and $L_8K_9W_1$-$\small{D}$-Leu, they did not disrupt the integrity of lipid bilayers and depolarize the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. These results suggested that the mode of action of $L_8K_9W_1$-$\small{L}$-Pro, $L_8K_9W_1$-$\small{D}$-Pro and $L_8K_9W_1$-Nleu involves the intracellular target other than the bacterial membrane. In particular, $L_8K_9W_1$-$\small{L}$-Pro, $L_8K_9W_1$-$\small{D}$-Pro and $L_8K_9W_1$-Nleu had powerful antimicrobial activity (MIC range, 1 to $4{\mu}M$) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA). Taken together, our results suggested that $L_8K_9W_1$-$\small{L}$-Pro, $L_8K_9W_1$-$\small{D}$-Pro and $L_8K_9W_1$-Nleu with great cell selectivity may be promising candidates for novel therapeutic agents, complementing conventional antibiotic therapies to combat pathogenic microorganisms.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.277-283
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• 2016

In this system, rice cells were genetically modified to express human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin (hCTLA4Ig) using RAmy3D promoter induced by sugar depletion. Even though the target protein fused with signal sequence peptide, plant cell wall can be a barrier against secretion of recombinant proteins. Therefore, hCTLA4Ig can be trapped inside cell wall or remained in intracellular space. In this study, to enhance the secretion of hCTLA4Ig from cytoplasm and cell walls into the medium, permeabilizing agents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Triton X-100 and Tween 20, were applied in transgenic rice cell cultures. When 0.5% (v/v) of DMSO was added in sugar-free medium, intracellullar hCTLA4Ig was increased, on the other hand, the secreted extracellular hCTLA4Ig was lower than that of control. DMSO did not give permeable effects on transgenic rice cell cultures. And Triton X-100 was toxic to rice cells and also did not give enhancing permeability of cells. When 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20 was added in rice cell cultures, however, intracellular hCTLA4Ig was lower than that of control cultures. And the maximum 44.76 mg/L hCTLA4Ig was produced for 10 days after induction, which was 1.4-fold increase compared to that of control cultures. Especially, Tween 20 at 0.05% (v/v) showed the positive effect on the secretion of hCTLA4Ig though the decrease of intracellular hCTLA4Ig. Also, Tween 20 as a non-toxic surfactant did not affect the cell growth, cell viability and protease activity. In conclusion, secretion of hCTLA4Ig could be increased by enhancing permeability of cells regardless of the cell growth, cell viability and protease activity.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.202-208
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• 1997

Bi-layered SrBi2Ta2O9(SBT) films were deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si sibstrates by rf magnetron sputt-ering at room temperature and then were annealed at 75$0^{\circ}C$, 80$0^{\circ}C$ and 85$0^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour in oxygen at-mosphere. The film composition of SrBi2Ta2O9 was obtained after depositing at room temperature and annealing at 80$0^{\circ}C$. Excess 20mole% Bi2O3 and 30 mole% SrCO3 were added to the target to compensate for the lack of Bi and Sr in SBT film. 200 nm thick SBT film exhibited and dense microstructure, adielectric constant of 210, and a dissipation factor of 0.05 at 1 MHz frequency. The films exhibited Curie temperature of 32$0^{\circ}C$ and a dielectric constant of 314 at that temperature under 100 kHz frequency. The remanent polarization(2Pr) and the coercive field(2Ec) of the SBT films were 9.1 $\mu$C/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 85 kV/cm at an applied voltage of 3V, resspectively and the SBT film showed a fatigue-free characteristics up to 1010 cy-cles under 5V bipolar pulse. The leakage current density of the SBT film was about 7$\times$10-7A/$\textrm{cm}^2$ at 150 kV/cm. Fatigue-free SBT films prepared by rf magnetron sputtering can be suitable for application to non-volatile memory device.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.119-141
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• 2016

This study analyzed on the basis of the norms and experience the Seongnam youth dividend ordinance. Youth dividend pros in the normative dimension to understand in order to achieve social justice. Further, youth dividend can replace the existing policy. On the other hand, the opposite of youth dividend is pointed out that the policy is ambiguous without morally justifiable. Also it has been pointed out inefficiencies means. Youth dividend Pros empirical dimension is a social considerations measures, there is a need for innovation by the failure of existing measures. On the other hand, youth dividend opposed to target efficiency is low, and that the problem is often to the contents of the salary. Because both sides are too contrast, consensus is difficult, can be political point of view is a significant impact. The basic income is a new thought experiment for human self-realization. Therefore, the production social welfare policy personality is a different policy science. That is, it is a long-term care social policy that requires a holistic life support. In addition, a non-empirical policy that requires a material support for the substantial freedom. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the philosophical meaning than scientific evaluation of traditional policy aiming to realize autonomous life. Therefore, radio waves of basic income through the welfare politics and exercise is still important strategy.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.75 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2013

Background: In cancer cells, autophagy is generally induced as a pro-survival mechanism in response to treatment-associated genotoxic and metabolic stress. Thus, concurrent autophagy inhibition can be expected to have a synergistic effect with chemotherapy on cancer cell death. Monensin, a polyether antibiotic, is known as an autophagy inhibitor, which interferes with the fusion of autophagosome and lysosome. There have been a few reports of its effect in combination with anticancer drugs. We performed this study to investigate whether erlotinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, or rapamycin, an mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, is effective in combination therapy with monensin in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Methods: NCI-H1299 cells were treated with rapamycin or erlotinib, with or without monensin pretreatment, and then subjected to growth inhibition assay, apoptosis analysis by flow cytometry, and cell cycle analysis on the basis of the DNA contents histogram. Finally, a Western blot analysis was done to examine the changes of proteins related to apoptosis and cell cycle control. Results: Monensin synergistically increases growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by rapamycin or erlotinib. The number of cells in the sub-$G_1$ phase increases noticeably after the combination treatment. Increase of proapoptotic proteins, including bax, cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and decrease of anti-apoptotic proteins, bcl-2 and bcl-xL, are augmented by the combination treatment with monensin. The promoters of cell cycle progression, notch3 and skp2, decrease and p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, accumulates within the cell during this process. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that concurrent autophagy inhibition could have a role in lung cancer treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.7 no.1_2 s.8
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• pp.19-27
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• 1999

Korea, an energy-resources-poor country, imports $100{\%}$ of its, oil and, natural gas supply, which accounts for the greater part of its total primary requirements. One of the important task of the government is diversification of available energy resources such as oil and natural gas. Natural gas hydrate, which is non-conventional types of natural gas, distributes worldwide, especially in marine and permafrost. It would become a target of natural gas resources in the near future. Especially sigrificant amount of hydrates are expected to be located in the East Sea around Korea Peninsular. This paper describes about a multi-year overall project framework of basic research and technological development of natural gas hydrate in Korea focused on the interpretation of the seismic survey, the characteristics and physical properties of the natural gas hydrate, and the utilizable technology of natural gas hydrates from the status of research and development of the world.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.142-147
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• 2011

In order to develop a environmentally friendly control protocol for managing tomato leaf mold disease in the field, we employed bacteria- and fungi-based commercially available microbial preparations. The field experiment was conducted from April to July in 2010. Average incidence rates tomato leaf mold caused by Fulvia fulva were 13.1% at the two plastic houses located in Jangsung, Jeonnam area. Initially 11 microbial preparations were tested for antifungal activity against F. fulva in vitro. Among them, 7 selected preparations showed to be inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal pathogen over 50%. Four microbes suppressed disease incidence as much 50% under greenhouse condition. Eventually in the field two microbial products including Bacillus subtilis GB-0365 and B. subtilis KB-401 respectively were showed control value up to 71.8% for four times sprays from 20 days to 70 days after transplanting. Furthermore, the control value of three times spray program demonstrated 79.3%. Efficacy of the three and four spray programs was more effective than that of non-spray control treatment. Our results indicated that adjustment of application method of commercially available microbial preparation could be used to control a target plant disease as an effective and efficient crop protection system for organic farming.