• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.515-551
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• 2014

Recently, there has been a debate as to whether bioethanol should replace some portion of gasoline for fuels in South Korea, as energy security as well as climate change issues are rising as a significant national agenda. However, a considerable amount of subsidy will be required to compensate for the higher price of bioethanol-blended gasoline. In this context, government subsidy will obtain justification only when the positive social gains from consuming bioethanol for fuels can exceed the negative social costs. Through a nation-wide choice experimental survey, we examine if South Koreans have a positive value as well as non-linear preferences on substituting bioethanol for gasoline. The results reveal that the willingness to pay for purely domestic bioethanol-blended gasoline within 10% is about 52 KRW; Koreans have concave preferences on the blending ratio of bioethanol to gasoline. The turning point of the blending ratio of bioethanol was 6.5%. Also, we found inverse U-shaped curve between income and bioethanol choice probability and the turning point of the income was calculated as 250~299million KRW. Politically conservative propensity advocates uses of bioethanol blended gasoline, but awareness on bioethanol or more weights on environmental conservation have significantly negative effects on the choice of bioethanol. However, the design of the survey questionnaire is incompatible with the RFS of Korea and assumes orthogonality among the following four interrelated attributes: (i) domestic or offshore procurement of feedstocks in the case of domestic production, (ii) domestic production or import of bioethanol, (iii) the blending ratios, and (iv) the retail price increases. In addition, the results of model estimation and of model selection test are not definite. Hence, the results in this study should not be directly applied to the design of the specifics of the Korean RFS. Hence, the results in this study require cautions in applying to the design of the Korean RFS policy.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2017

In computer graphics, high-quality lens flares have been generated using costly offline rendering. A recent matrix-based approximation has enabled generation of high-quality lens flares suitable for real-time applications, but its quality degrades due to the lack of nonlinear patterns of lens flares. This paper introduces a method for high-quality lens-flare rendering, which includes blending of both nonlinear as well as linear patterns. The nonlinear patterns are pre-rendered or photo-graphically captured offline and stored in a look-up table. The online stage reads only the pattern by looking up the table using a light angle, hence making its performance drop negligible while greatly improving the quality.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2015

Combustion characteristics for co-firing of biomass (Walnut Shell) as blending fuel in coal fired boiler have investigated using thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and drop tube reactor (DTR). The results show that devolatilization and char combustion for WS occurs at lower temperature than those of existing coals and has lower activation energy value, which is resulting in higher reactivity. When the WS is blended with coal, TGA results show linear profiles depending on blending ratio for each fuel. However, DTR results exist the non-additive phenomena for blending of WS. As blending ratio of WS increase, the UBC decrease at BBR 5%, but the UBC rather increase from BBR 10% due to oxygen deficiency formed from rapid combustion of WS. This paper propose that fuel lean condition by oxygen rich lead to higher blending ratio of biomass by solving the oxygen deficiency condition.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.47-55
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• 2012

Generally, to product multi-grade oil like engine oil, a sort of mineral base oil is mixed with a fundamental additive package liquid and a polymer liquid as viscosity index improver in order to improve the lubricating property of base oil. That is, engine oil is the mixture of more than two fluids. Specially, a polymeric type liquid cannot be seen as the linear viscosity like Newtonian fluids. In this research, by using the governing equation describing non-Newtonian hydrodynamic lubrication related with the mixture of incompressible fluids based on the principle of continuum mechanics, it will be compared the bearing performance between the mixture of each liquid to be blended and multi-grade engine oil as a single fluid in a high speed hydrodynamic journal bearing. Further, it is to be found the way estimating the performance of the blended multi-grade engine lubricant in a journal bearing in advance before blending by using the physical properties of mineral base oil, fundamental additive liquid and polymer liquid of viscosity index improver. So, it can be reduced the number of trial and error to get the wanted lubricant by selecting the proper volume fraction of each liquid to satisfy the expected performance and estimating in advance the performance of various multi-grade oils before blending. Therefore, it can be shorten the developing time and saved the developing cost.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.5419-5435
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• 2017

The construction of panoramic images on smartphones and low-powered devices is a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a new approach for smoothly stitching images on mobile phones in the presence of moving objects in the scene. Our main contributions include handling moving object problems, reducing processing time, and generating rectangular panoramic images. First, unique and robust feature points are extracted using fast ORB method and a feature matching technique is applied to match the extracted feature points. After obtaining good matched feature points, we employ the non-deterministic RANSAC algorithm to discard wrong matches, and the hommography transformation matrix parameters are estimated with the algorithm. Afterward, we determine precise overlap regions of neighboring images and calculate their absolute differences. Then, thresholding operation and noise removal filtering are applied to create a mask of possible moving object regions. Sequentially, an optimal seam is estimated using dynamic programming algorithm, and a combination of linear blending with the mask information is applied to avoid seam transition and ghosting artifacts. Finally, image-cropping operation is utilized to obtain a rectangular boundary image from the stitched image. Experiments demonstrate that our method is able to produce panoramic images quickly despite the existence of moving objects.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1031-1041
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• 1999

기존의 한글에 대한 입술 애니메이션 방법은 음소의 입모양을 몇 개의 입모양으로 정의하고 이들을 보간하여 입술을 애니메이션하였다. 하지만 발음하는 동안의 실제 입술 움직임은 선형함수나 단순한 비선형함수가 아니기 때문에 보간방법에 의해 중간 움직임을 생성하는 방법으로는 음소의 입술 움직임을 효과적으로 생성할 수 없다. 또 이 방법은 동시조음도 고려하지 않아 음소들간에 변화하는 입술 움직임도 표현할 수 없었다. 본 논문에서는 동시조음을 고려하여 한글을 자연스럽게 발음하는 입술 애니메이션 방법을 제안한다. 비디오 카메라로 발음하는 동안의 음소의 움직임들을 측정하고 입술 움직임 제어 파라미터들을 추출한다. 각각의 제어 파라미터들은 L fqvist의 스피치 생성 제스처 이론(speech production gesture theory)을 이용하여 실제 음소의 입술 움직임에 근사한 움직임인 지배함수(dominance function)들로 정의되고 입술 움직임을 애니메이션할 때 사용된다. 또, 각 지배함수들은 혼합함수(blending function)와 반음절에 의한 한글 합성 규칙을 사용하여 결합하고 동시조음이 적용된 한글을 발음하게 된다. 따라서 스피치 생성 제스처 이론을 이용하여 입술 움직임 모델을 구현한 방법은 기존의 보간에 의해 중간 움직임을 생성한 방법보다 실제 움직임에 근사한 움직임을 생성하고 동시조음도 고려한 움직임을 보여준다.Abstract The existing lip animation method of Hangul classifies the shape of lips with a few shapes and implements the lip animation with interpolating them. However it doesn't represent natural lip animation because the function of the real motion of lips, during articulation, isn't linear or simple non-linear function. It doesn't also represent the motion of lips varying among phonemes because it doesn't consider coarticulation. In this paper we present a new coarticulation model for the natural lip animation of Hangul. Using two video cameras, we film the speaker's lips and extract the lip control parameters. Each lip control parameter is defined as dominance function by using L fqvist's speech production gesture theory. This dominance function approximates to the real lip animation of a phoneme during articulation of one and is used when lip animation is implemented. Each dominance function combines into blending function by using Hangul composition rule based on demi-syllable. Then the lip animation of our coarticulation model represents natural motion of lips. Therefore our coarticulation model approximates to real lip motion rather than the existing model and represents the natural lip motion considered coarticulation.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.142-147
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• 1981

A blend polymeric system composed of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA or PM) and polystyrene (PS) dissolved in chloroform was rheologically studied. The viscosities ${\eta}_{bl}$ of the blend system with various blending ratios ${\chi}$ changing from zero (pure PS solution) to unity (pure PMMA solution) were measured at $25{\circ}C$ as a function of shear rates ${\dot{s}}$ by using a Couette type viscometer. ${\eta}_{bl}$ at a given ${\dot{s}}$ decreased exponentially with ${\chi}$ reaching asymptotic constant value of ${\eta}_{bl}$ ; ${\eta}_{bl}$ at a given ${\chi}$ is greater at a smaller ${\dot{s}}$. These results are explained by using Ree-Erying's theory of viscosity, ${\eta}_{bl}=(x_1{\beta}_1/{\alpha}_1)_{b}_1＋ (x_2{\beta}_2/{\alpha}_2)_{bl}[sinh^{-1}{\beta}_2(bl) {\dot{s}}]/{\beta}_2(bl){\dot{s}}$. The Gibbs activation energy ${\Delta}G_i^\neq$(i = 2 for non-Newtonian units) entering into the intrinsic relaxation time ${\beta}$ is represented by a linear combination ${\Delta}G_i^\neq(bl) ={\chi}{\Delta}G_i^{\neq}_{iPM}+(1-{\chi}){\Delta}G_i^{\neq}_{iPS}$;the intrinsic shear modulus$[[\alpha}_i]^{-1}$ is also represented by $[{\alpha}_i(bl)]^{-1}={\chi}[{\alpha}_{iPM}]^{-1}+(1-{\chi})[{\alpha}_{iPS}]^{-1}$ and the fraction of area on a shear surface occupied by the ith flow units $x_i(bl)$ is similarly represented, i.e., $x_i(bl) = {\chi}x_{iPM}+(1-{\chi})x_{iPS}$. By using these ideas the Ree-Eyring equation was rewritten which explained the experimental results satisfactorily.