• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.186-196
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• 1991

Numerical analysis has been performed to investigate the effects of the turbulence intensity and Prandtl number on the local heat transfer around a circular cylinder in crossflow. The governing equations were reformulated in a non-orthogonal coordinate system with Cartesian velocity components and discretised by the finite volume method with a non-staggered variable arrangement. For laminar flow, the calculations were performed for the Reynolds numbers 26 and 200. The results showed good agreement with the experimental results. For turbulent flow of the Reynolds number $1{\times}10^5$ and $2{\times}10^6$, the results showed that with an increase in the turbulent intensity in the main stream, the local Nusselt number increases in the front region of the circular cylinder. But the effect of turbulent intensity on the local Nusselt number diminishes in the wake region. The influence of Prandtl numbers show similar trend to that of turbulent intensity.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06e
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• pp.474-481
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• 2001

This paper addresses a numerical method for predicting transient temperature distributions in the wall of a curved pipe subjected to internally thermal stratification flow. A simple and convenient numerical method of treating the unsteady conjugate heat transfer in the non-orthogonal coordinate systems is presented. The proposed method is implemented in a finite volume thermal-hydraulic computer code based on a cell-centered, non-staggered grid arrangement, the SIMPLEC algorithm, a higher-order bounded convection scheme, and the modified version of momentum interpolation method. Calculations are performed for the transient evolution of thermal stratification in two curved pipes, where the one has thick wall and the other has so thin wall that its presence can be negligible in the heat transfer analysis. The predicted results show that the thermally stratified flow and transient conjugate heat transfer in a curved pipe with a finite wall thickness can be satisfactorily analyzed by the present numerical method, and that the neglect of wall thickness in the prediction of pipe wall temperature distributions can provide unacceptably distorted results.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.900-907
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• 2000

The three-dimensional turbulent flow in curved pipes susceptible to flow-accelerated corrosion has been analyzed numerically to predict the pressure and shear stress distributions on the inner surface of the pipes. The analysis employs the body-fitted non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system and a standard $ {\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ turbulence model with wall function method. The finite volume method is used to discretize the governing equations. The convection term is approximated by a high-resolution and bounded discretization scheme. The cell-centered, non-staggered grid arrangement is adopted and the resulting checkerboard pressure oscillation is prevented by the application of a modified version of momentum interpolation scheme. The SIMPLE algorithm is employed for the pressure and velocity coupling. The numerical calculations have been performed for two curved pipes with different bend angles and curvature radii, and discussions have been made on the distributions of the primary and secondary flow velocities, pressure and shear stress on the inner surface of the pipe to examine applicability of the present analysis method. As the result it is seen that the method is effective to predict the susceptible systems or their local areas where the fluid velocity or local turbulence is so high that the structural integrity can be threatened by wall thinning degradation due to flow-accelerated corrosion.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1802-1812
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to analyze numerically the movement of particles included in turbulent fluid flow characteristics of metallic surfaces. To describe fluid flew, the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation discretized by the finite volume method were solved on the non-orthogonal coordinates with non-staggered variable arrangement, and the k-$\xi$ turbulence model was adapted. After fluid flow was calculated, particle movement was predicted from the Lagrangian approaches. Non-essential complexities were avoided by assuming that the particles had spherical shapes and the Stoke's drag formula only consisted of external farces acting upon them. In order to validate the numerical calculations, the results were compared with the experimental data reported in literature and agreed well with them. The drag force coefficient equation showed better agreement with the experimental data in the prediction of particle movement than the correction factor equation. Impact velocity and impact angle increased as inlet turbulence intensity decreased, relative jet height was lower. or the Reynolds number was larger.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.535-549
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• 1998

A numerical study for performance analysis of a counterflow type forced draft tower and natural draft cooling tower has been performed based on the method using the finite volume method with non-orthogonal body fitted and non-staggered grid system. For solving the coupling problem between water and air, air enthalpy balance, moisture fraction balance, water enthalpy balance, and water mass balance equations are solved with Navier-Stoke’s equations simultaneously. For the effect of turbulence, the standard k-$\varepsilon$ turbulent model is implied in this analysis. The predicted result of the present analysis is compared with the experimental data and the commercial software result to validate the present study, The predicted results show good agreement with the experimental data and the commercial software result. To investigate the influence of the cooling tower design parameters such as approach, range and wet bulb temperature, parametric studies are also peformed.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2000

A numerical study for performance analysis of a crossflow-type forced draft cooling tower has been performed based on the finite volume method with non-orthogonal body fitted, and non-staggered grid system. For solving the coupling problem between water and air, air enthalpy, moisture fraction, water enthalpy, and water mass balance equations are solved with Navier-Stoke's equations simultaneously. For the effect of turbulence, the standard k-$\varepsilon$ turbulent model is implied in this analysis. The predicted result of the present analysis is compared with the experimental data and the commercial software result to validate the present study. The predicted results show good agreement with the experimental data and the commercial software result. To investigate the influence of the cooling tower design parameters such as approach, range and wet bulb temperature, parametric studies are also performed.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2019

A heated square cylinder (with height $A^*$) is kept parallel to the cold wall at a fixed gap height $0.5A^*$ from the wall. Another adiabatic rectangular cylinder (of same height $A^*$ and width $0.5A^*$) is placed upstream in an inline tandem arrangement. The spacing between the two cylinders is fixed at $3.0A^*$. The inlet flow is taken as Couette-Poiseuille flow based non-linear velocity profile. The conventional fluid (also known as base fluid) is chosen as water (W) whereas the nanoparticle material is selected as $Al_2O_3$. Numerical simulations are performed by using SIMPLE algorithm based Finite Volume approach with staggered grid arrangement. The dependencies of hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of the cylinder on non-dimensional parameters governing the nanofluids and the fluid flow are explored here. A critical discussion is made on the mechanism of improvement/reduction (due to the presence of the upstream cylinder) of heat transfer and drag coefficient, in comparison to those of an isolated cylinder. It is observed that the heat transfer increases with the increase in the non-linearity in the incident velocity profile at the inlet. For the present range studied, particle concentration has a negligible effect on heat transfer.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.530-533
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• 2010

This paper presents numerical analysis and design optimization of various turbine blade cooling techniques with three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) analysis. The fluid flow and heat transfer have been performed using ANSYS-CFX 11.0. A fan-shaped hole for film-cooling has been carried out to improve film-cooling effectiveness with the radial basis neural network method. The injection angle of hole, lateral expansion angle of hole and ratio of length-to-diameter of the hole are chosen as design variables and spatially averaged film-cooling effectiveness is considered as an objective function which is to be maximized. The impingement jet cooling has been performed to investigate heat transfer characteristic with geometry variables. Distance between jet nozzle exit and impingement plate, inclination of nozzle and aspect ratio of nozzle hole are considered as geometry variables. The area averaged Nusselt number is evaluated each geometry variables. A rotating rectangular channel with staggered array pin-fins has been investigated to increase heat transfer performance ad to decrease friction loss using KRG modeling. Two non-dimensional variables, the ratio of the eight diameter of the pin-fins and ratio of the spacing between the pin-fins to diameter of the pin-fins selected as design variables. A rotating rectangular channel with staggered dimples on opposite walls are formulated numerically to enhance heat transfer performance. The ratio of the dimple depth and dimple diameter are selected as geometry variables.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.373-378
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• 2012

The objective of this research is to examine the probabilistic approach to evaluating turbine ejection frequency considering common-cause failure. This paper identifies basic turbine ejection mechanisms under high and low speeds and presents a detailed probabilistic methodology (fault tree) for assessing ejection frequency. The alpha factor methodology is applied to common-cause failure evaluations. The frequencies under different test schemes are compared and the propagation of uncertainty through the fault tree model is evaluated. The following conclusions were reached: (1) the turbine blade ejection frequency due to ductile failure under high speed is around 8.005E-7/yr; (2) if common-cause failure is considered, the frequency will be increased by 11% and 33% depending on the test scheme; and (3) if the parameter uncertainties are considered, the frequency is estimated to be in the range of 9.35E-7 to 1.13E 6, with 90% confidence.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.187-195
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• 2024

This paper presents two-dimensional boundary value problems of the stress-based gradient elasticity within the smoothed finite element method (S-FEM) framework. Gradient elasticity is introduced to address the limitations of classical elasticity, particularly its struggle to capture size-dependent mechanical behavior at the micro/nano scale. The Ru-Aifantis theorem is employed to overcome the challenges of high-order differential equations in gradient elasticity. This theorem effectively splits the original equation into two solvable second-order differential equations, enabling its incorporation into the S-FEM framework. The present method utilizes a staggered scheme to solve the boundary value problems. This approach efficiently separates the calculation of the local displacement field (obtained over each smoothing domain) from the non-local stress field (computed element-wise). A series of numerical tests are conducted to investigate the influence of the internal length scale, a key parameter in gradient elasticity. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in smoothing stress concentrations typically observed at crack tips and dislocation lines.