• 제목/요약/키워드: Non-Pharmacological Treatment

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소아 비알코올성 지방간의 최신 지견 (Update on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children)

  • 이경훈
    • Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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    • 제12권sup1호
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    • pp.62-71
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    • 2009
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of pediatric liver disease. Similar to NAFLD in adults, NAFLD in children is associated with obesity and insulin resistance and requires liver histology for diagnosis and staging. However, significant histological differences exist between adult and pediatric NAFLD. The rise in childhood obesity has been accompanied by an increase in pediatric NAFLD. Age, gender and race/ethnicity are significant determinants of risk, and sex hormones, insulin sensitivity and adipocytokines are implicated in the pathogenesis of pediatric NAFLD. There is no consensus for treatment of NAFLD, however, data suggest that diet, exercise and some pharmacological therapies may be of benefit. To evaluate and effectively treat pediatric NAFLD, the pathophysiology and natural history of the disease should be clarified and non-invasive methods for screening, diagnosis, and longitudinal assessment developed.

METHODS FOR ASSESSMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL DRUG ACTIONS

  • Burks, Thomas F.
    • 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국응용약물학회 1994년도 춘계학술대회 and 제3회 신약개발 연구발표회
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    • pp.113-125
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    • 1994
  • Many types of drugs affect functions of tile gastrointestinal tract. Investigators may be interested in discovery or pharmacological characterization of drugs as therapeutic agents intended for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders or in identification of gastrointestinal side effects of drugs intended for non-gastrointestinal indications. Examples of drug categories often associated with significant gastrointestinal side effects include cardiovascular drugs, antibiotics (erythromycin in particular), anti-inflammatory drugs, antiemetics, analgesics (especially opiates), antihistamines, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. Whether tile objective is development of gastrointestinal therapeutic agents or evaluation of gastrointestinal side effects, appropriate laboratory models for experimentation are essential.

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Biochemical, Hematological Effects and Complications of Pseudosynanceia Melanostigma Envenoming

  • Babaie, Mahdi;Zolfagharian, Hossein;Zolfaghari, Mohammad;Jamili, Shahla
    • 대한약침학회지
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    • 제22권3호
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    • pp.140-146
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    • 2019
  • Objectives: Venomous fishes have different pharmacological effects and are useful. Among the venomous fish, stonefishes; especially Pseudosynanceia melanostigma has various pharmacological effects on the nervous, muscular and cardiovascular system of humans. In this study, toxicological characteristics, some blood effects, pharmacological and enzymatic properties of Pseudosynanceia melanostigma venom was investigated. Methods: Crude venom purified by using gel filtration chromatography and the molecular weights of the venom and its fractions were estimated. The approximate LD values of this venom were determinedand the effects of LD50 dose on the blood of rabbits were studied. Hemolytic and Hemorrhagic activity of the venom sample was determined. In this case coagulation tests were performed. Results: The LD50 of the Pseudosynanceia melanostigma crude venom was also determined to be $194.54{\mu}g/mouse$. The effect of two doses of LD50 showed a non-significant differences decrease in RBCs and MCV. In other cases, the results showed significant differences in WBC, Plt, Hb, MCH, MCHC and HCT; also it's showed a significant decrease. WBC count showed a significant increase with two doses of LD50 groups. The prothrombin time and partial prothrombin time were increased after venom treatment. As well as bleeding and clotting time were increased. According to the results, a minimum dose for Haemorrhagic effect $40{\mu}g$ was obtained. Conclusion: Venom of Pseudosynanceia melanostigma has inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation that can be used to design and develop of anticoagulant drugs.

Ginsenoside Rg3, a promising agent for NSCLC patients in the pandemic: a large-scale data mining and systemic biological analysis

  • Zhenjie Zhuang;Qianying Chen;Xiaoying Zhong;Huiqi Chen;Runjia Yu;Ying Tang
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • 제47권2호
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    • pp.291-301
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    • 2023
  • Introduction: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients are particularly vulnerable to the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Currently, no anti-NSCLC/COVID-19 treatment options are available. As ginsenoside Rg3 is beneficial to NSCLC patients and has been identified as an entry inhibitor of the virus, this study aims to explore underlying pharmacological mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg3 for the treatment of NSCLC patients with COVID-19. Methods: Based on a large-scale data mining and systemic biological analysis, this study investigated target genes, biological processes, pharmacological mechanisms, and underlying immune implications of ginsenoside Rg3 for NSCLC patients with COVID-19. Results: An important gene set containing 26 target genes was built. Target genes with significant prognostic value were identified, including baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5 (BIRC5), carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9), endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB), glucagon receptor (GCGR), interleukin 2 (IL2), peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PADI4), and solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 (SLCO1B1). The expression of target genes was significantly correlated with the infiltration level of macrophages, eosinophils, natural killer cells, and T lymphocytes. Ginsenoside Rg3 may benefit NSCLC patients with COVID-19 by regulating signaling pathways primarily involved in anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, cell cycle, cell fate, carcinogenesis, and hemodynamics. Conclusions: This study provided a comprehensive strategy for drug discovery in NSCLC and COVID-19 based on systemic biology approaches. Ginsenoside Rg3 may be a prospective drug for NSCLC patients with COVID-19. Future studies are needed to determine the value of ginsenoside Rg3 for NSCLC patients with COVID-19.

ADHD 최적치료 지침을 위한 예비연구 (PRELIMINARY STUDY FOR ADHD TREATMENT GUIDELINE)

  • 김은영;나철;이영식
    • Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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    • 제13권1호
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    • pp.129-138
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    • 2002
  • 목 적:소아청소년 정신과 질환의 가장 대표적이라 할 수 있는 주의력결핍-과잉행동장애(ADHD)의 최적치료모델 개발을 위한 연구의 일환으로, 우선 실제 ADHD로 의심되는 환자가 병원을 방문했을 때 임상의들이 현재 (1) 어떠한 진단 평가적 도구를 사용하여 진단적 접근을 하며, (2) 어떠한 치료적 접근을 시행하고 있는지, (3) 현재 시행하고 있지는 않지만, 어떤 모델을 추구하는지에 대해 구조화된 설문도구를 이용하여 파악하고자 하였다. 방 법:대학병원 및 종합병원 소아정신과 담당 전문가 32명을 대상으로 구조화된 설문조사를 하였고, 여기에 포함되는 조사내용으로는 진단검사도구, 약물치료, 비약물치료 현황파악이었다. 이 자료를 Texas Algorithm Project(TAP)와 비교 검토하였다. 결 과:(1) 모든 ADHD 환아에게 실시해야 할 기본적인 검사는 지능검사, 문장완성검사, 지속적 집중력검사, 코너씨 설문지였고, (2) 전반적 ADHD 투여 약물은 TAP 지침과 차이가 없었고, 다만 약효가 인정된 aderall, bupropion, guanfacin의 국내이용이 요구된다고 하였으며, (3) 틱 장애가 동반된 경우는 임상의들이 정신자극제 사용을 자제하는 경향을 보여 TAP 지침과 분명한 차이를 보였고, (4) 파탄적 행동장애가 동반된경우 임상의들은 다른 약물로 교체하기보다는 MPH 투여에 다른 약물을 추가하는 경향을 보였으며, (5) 과반수 이상의 임상의가 꼭 실시하여야 한다고 보고한 치료로는, 개별적 부모상담, 부모교실, 개인별 행동인지 치료였다. 결 론:본 연구 결과를 통해 알 수 있었던 여러 제한점들을 보완하고 또한 본 연구에서 제기된 논쟁점을 위주로 하여서, 한국적 실정에 맞는 ADHD 최적치료모델 개발을 위한 연구와 더불어 전문가들의 합의가 이루어져야 하겠다.

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소아청소년의 약물적 행동유도 (Pharmacological Behavioral Management for children and adolescence)

  • 신터전
    • 대한치과의사협회지
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    • 제54권11호
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    • pp.923-931
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    • 2016
  • Managing uncooperative behaviors related to dental treatment is necessary for guiding children and adolescence to more favorable behaviors. The first approach should be controlling their behaviors using non-phamarcologic behavior management techniques. However, if this approach fails, it is helpful to control negative behaviors pharmacologically. Accordingly, sedation is frequently used to relieve anxiety related to dental treatment. Also, general anesthesia has been applied to the situations in which sedation is either ineffective or impossible to gain cooperation during treatment. This article discusses the pharmacology of widely used sedatives for children and adolescence and clinical considerations of managing uncooperative children and adolescence with the use of sedation. Furthermore, we recommend clinical indication of selecting general anesthesia rather sedation for the purpose of behavior management.

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소화기 암환자 호흡곤란의 정확한 평가와 치료 (Accurate Evaluation and Treatment of Dyspnea in Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer)

  • 이종윤
    • Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.108-113
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    • 2023
  • Dyspnea is a common symptom among patients with gastrointestinal cancer, and a comprehensive evaluation of their respiratory function is essential. Self-reporting aids in the assessment of the degree of dyspnea, while objective examination methods are performed to identify the potential underlying causes when subjective symptoms are present. Standard treatment protocols should be followed for potentially reversible and common causes of dyspnea, such as pleural effusion, pneumonia, airway obstruction, anemia, asthma, exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary thromboembolism, or drug-induced interstitial lung disease. Careful and close monitoring is required due to the high frequency of pulmonary thromboembolism and the risk of cardiovascular accidents, drug-induced interstitial lung disease, or other complications from some anticancer drugs. In case of hypoxemia with an oxygen saturation of 90% or less, palliative treatment should comprise standard oxygen therapy such as nasal cannula, mask, or high-flow nasal cannula. If non-pharmacological oxygen therapy is not effective, pain control through systemic narcotic analgesics and anti-anxiety therapy with benzodiazepines may be helpful.

음악요법이 척추마취 하 수술 대상자의 불안, 진정상태 및 스트레스 반응에 미치는 효과 (The Effects of Music Therapy on Anxiety, Sedation, and Stress Responses of Patients Undergoing Surgery with Spinal Anesthesia)

  • 정계선;강윤희
    • 성인간호학회지
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    • 제28권5호
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    • pp.525-535
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    • 2016
  • Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of music therapy on anxiety, sedation, and stress responses of patients during surgery with spinal anesthesia. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group pre-post test was used. There were 55 adults over 19 years of age scheduled for a lower leg surgery with spinal anesthesia: 27 in the treatment group and 28 in the comparison group. Each subject in the treatment group identified their music preference which was used during the period of surgery which usually lasted, 61 minutes. Data were analyzed using chi-square, Fisher's exact test, independent t-test and repeated measured ANOVA. Results: There were significant reported differences in levels of anxiety, sedation, and stress responses which were measured by plasma cortisol levels, heart rate, and respiratory rate. The findings of all the variables were effectively decreased among those in the treatment group than the comparison group. Conclusion: The preference based music therapy may be useful as a non-pharmacological intervention.

Rediscovery of Nefopam for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain

  • Kim, Kyung Hoon;Abdi, Salahadin
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • 제27권2호
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    • pp.103-111
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    • 2014
  • Nefopam (NFP) is a non-opioid, non-steroidal, centrally acting analgesic drug that is derivative of the nonsedative benzoxazocine, developed and known in 1960s as fenazocine. Although the mechanisms of analgesic action of NFP are not well understood, they are similar to those of triple neurotransmitter (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) reuptake inhibitors and anticonvulsants. It has been used mainly as an analgesic drug for nociceptive pain, as well as a treatment for the prevention of postoperative shivering and hiccups. Based on NFP's mechanisms of analgesic action, it is more suitable for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Intravenous administration of NFP should be given in single doses of 20 mg slowly over 15-20 min or with continuous infusion of 60-120 mg/d to minimize adverse effects, such as nausea, cold sweating, dizziness, tachycardia, or drowsiness. The usual dose of oral administration is three to six times per day totaling 90-180 mg. The ceiling effect of its analgesia is uncertain depending on the mechanism of pain relief. In conclusion, the recently discovered dual analgesic mechanisms of action, namely, a) descending pain modulation by triple neurotransmitter reuptake inhibition similar to antidepressants, and b) inhibition of long-term potentiation mediated by NMDA from the inhibition of calcium influx like gabapentinoid anticonvulsants or blockade of voltage-sensitive sodium channels like carbamazepine, enable NFP to be used as a therapeutic agent to treat neuropathic pain.

수면클리닉을 방문한 환자들의 불면증에 대한 인식조사 (Survey of Knowledge on Insomnia for Sleep Clinic Clients)

  • 소민아
    • 수면정신생리
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    • 제26권1호
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    • pp.23-32
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    • 2019
  • 목 적 : 본 연구의 목적은 수면장애로 수면클리닉에 내원하는 환자들을 대상으로 수면클리닉을 방문하게 된 이유, 찾게 된 경로, 수면클리닉을 찾게 되는 가장 흔한 증상이자 독립질환인 불면증에 대한 인식을 조사하고 그 의미를 해석하여 향후 수면장애의 치료와 환자교육에 도움이 되고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2018년 4월부터 10월 사이 6개월 간 국립정신건강센터의 수면클리닉을 방문한 외래환자들 중 만 19세 이상의 초진환자를 대상으로 자기보고식 설문을 진행하였다. 이때, 지적장애, 치매 등 심한 인지기능을 동반한 환자등을 배제하였고, 총 44명(남성 24명, 여성 20명)이 연구에 참석하였다. 설문지는 자체개발한 설문지로 수면클리닉을 방문한 이유, 수면클리닉을 알게 된 경로, 수면클리닉 방문 이전 수면질환의 치료력, 불면증의 인식에 대한 질문, 불면증의 치료에 대한 인식, 불면증의 동반질환(comorbodity)에 대한 지식을 묻는 질문으로 구성되었다. 결 과 : 연구에 참가한 대상자들은 총 44명으로 평균 연령은 $54.11{\pm}16.3$세로 남성은 24명(54.5%), 여성은 20명(45.5%)였으며, 40대 이상의 중장년층이 전체의 77.3%를 차지했고, 81.8%(36명)가 고졸이상의 학력을 갖추고 있었다. 환자들의 72.7%(32명)가 공존질환을 갖고 있었으며, 22.7%에서 고위험음주를 보였다. 수면클리닉에 내원한 이유는 잠들기 힘들고 중간에 자주 깸, 낮에 피곤하고 졸림, 불규칙한 수면시간, 악몽을 자주 꿈, 코골이와 수면 중 숨막힘 등의 순서였고, 93.2%에서 불면증을 인식하고 있었고, 가족 친지, 방송, 인터넷 등을 통해 본인이 불면증에 대한 지식을 얻게 되었다고 하였다. 불면증의 치료에 대해서는 70.5%가 약물치료를 떠올렸고, 이에 대한 정보는 인터넷과 의료진을 통해 주로 얻고 있었으며 불면증의 비약물학적인 치료방법에 대해 52.3%가 들어본 적이 없다고 하였다. 불면증의 치료선호도를 묻는 질문에 45.5%가 특별한 선호도 없이 의사의 권유대로 따르겠다고 하였고, 불면증의 공존질환 중 우울증, 신체질환, 알코올사용장애을 알고 있는지를 묻는 질문에 대해 각각 75%, 50%, 38.6%의 응답률을 보였다. 수면제 복용 시 의사의 지침을 준수해야 한다는 것에 대해서는 75%에서 알고 있었지만, 전체 응답자의 68.2%가 수면제 처방에 대해 걱정을 하고 있었고 이들 중 70%가 약물의존에 대해 걱정된다고 하였다. 결 론 : 내원자의 56.8%가 내원전 타의료기관에서 수면장애로 치료를 받고 왔음에도 불구하고, 불면증의 치료, 특히 비약물학적인 치료에 대한 잘 알고 있지 못했으며, 본인의 수면제 복용여부와 상관없이 수면제에 대해서는 약물의존에 대한 걱정을 많이 하고 있었으나 상대적으로 불면증과 공존질환으로서의 알코올 사용문제에 대해서는 간과하고 있었다. 향후 일선 일차의료담당자의 불면증치료에 대한 이해증진 및 표준화된 불면증치료안의 개발이 시급할 것으로 생각된다. 또한 알코올 사용장애에 대한 구체적인 평가가 초기 면담에서 반드시 필요하다고 하겠다.