• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.53-80
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• 2021

The main objective of this study is to determine whether there have been TFP increases in the Korean manufacturing sector due to trade liberalization since the 1990s. Based on the methodology proposed by Pavcnik (2002), which focuses on the channel through which trade liberalization measures enhance overall industrial productivity by triggering the exit of low-productivity firms, this study tests the following two hypotheses: first, the TFP increase in the Korean tradable industry is not higher than that in the non-tradable industry, and second, plants with lower TFP levels did not exit from the tradable industry. Through the rejection of these two hypotheses, it is possible to infer indirectly the effect of trade liberalization on firm productivity rates in Korea since the 1990s. First, this analysis reveals that since the 1990s, the TFP of the tradable sector compared to the non-tradable sector presented a statistically meaningful increase only in the 2000s, when China joined the WTO and trade increased sharply between Korea and China. Secondly, TFP growth in the tradable sector was positively affected by exits, as it was plants with lower TFP levels that ceased to exist.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.21-31
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• 2016

Although the microfinance sector in Bangladesh is mainly driven by Non-Governmental-Organizations (NGOs), there are other types of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) that also provide financial services to the poor. Despite the criticism of microfinance programs, the current poverty situation in Bangladesh still requires such programs for consistently battling poverty. Hence, the aim of this paper is to profile the microfinance sector based on their legal status and investigate any possible differences (if any) between them in various aspects. After a thorough investigation of the sector, it was found that around 33 million of the clients are being served by the mainstream MFIs (NGO and Grameen Bank) while another 10-15 million clients are served by other types of MFIs (financial cooperatives, credit unions, various ministries etc.), accounting for the one-third of the total population in Bangladesh. While the mainstream MFIs basically works with poor, other categories of MFIs are concerned with relatively wealthy clients. Looking into the financial performance and social intermediation of the MFIs, the NGO-MFIs performed better than other types of MFIs in the sector.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.25-37
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• 2021

Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to develop an evaluation system using the weighted-values of various users and experts for the public space to apply Universal Design, and additionally to find out the commonalities and differences by comparing the importance of evaluation indicators between users and expert groups. Method: A one-sample t-test was conducted to verify that the components of the public space to universal design application are suitable as evaluation indicators, and AHP(analytic hierarchy process) was performed to derive weight-values for the evaluation system. Results: The importance-values for the total 23 facilities to be used as evaluation indicators were derived by multiplying the weighted-values of each sector, domain, and facility by the disabled, non-disabled, and experts. To summarize the results of overall importance-values derived from the AHP, The disabled showed high-rank weighted-values in facilities of building sector > park & recreation sector > cross domain and low-rank weighted-values for sidewalk and roadway domain. The non-disabled showed high-rank weighted-values in facilities of park & recreation sector > roadway domain > building sector > cross domain and low-rank weighted-values for sidewalk domain. Experts mainly showed high-rank weighted-values in the cross domain and in facilities related to entry and movement to the target space in all sectors and domains. However, it showed moderate importance-values in the sanitary space. The disabled who are restricted to movement have a high demand for universal design in buildings consisting of vertical moving line, and non-disabled people who are not limited to physical movement have a high demand for universal design in parks and recreation sector for increased leisure time. It means that experts are important to recognize the principles of making space because they value cross domain and the key spaces and facilities for suitable the purpose of use. In addition, it can be inferred that non-disabled people have a higher demand for safety than disabled people due to their high importance in roadway domain and facilities of safety and disaster prevention. Implications: The significance of this study is the establishment of a quantitative universal design evaluation system for public spaces considering the different perspectives of the disabled and the non-disabled.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.99-108
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aims to provide a further research challenge in digital marketing distribution and co-creation from relevant literature. The concept of digital marketing and co-creation has been known to impact the business sector positively, but it has not been utilized much in the government sector. Therefore, further research is needed to identify the role of digital marketing distribution and co-creation in increasing non-tax state revenue services of government institutions in Indonesia. Research design, data, and methodology: This study is based on a systematic literature review. The stages are (1) research scope review, (2) article extraction from journals, (3) article quality assessment, (4) article analysis, and (5) comprehensive report. Fifty articles published from 2011 to 2021 were collected from the Google Scholar website. Result: This study provides a proposed model that depicts all of the potential connections between digital marketing, co-creation, and non-tax state revenue. In addition, we also identify that the customer experience influences non-tax state revenue. Conclusions: This study attributes the use of the digital marketing distribution and co-creation concept in the government sector and its benefits for state organizations, which have not been investigated in previous studies.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.187-203
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• 2021

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of non-tariff barriers on the Free Trade Agreement. Currently, it has achieved significant export effects by signing free trade agreements with many countries in Korea. However, most countries have implemented non-tariff barriers to protect their industries. This study analyzes the effects of non-tariff barriers in counterpart countries that have signed a free trade agreement. Design/methodology/approach - For analysis, first, prior studies were summarized, and second, the current status of free trade agreements and non-tariff barriers were identified. And, based on the current situation, the relationship between non-tariff barriers and export volume was analyzed. The targets of analysis are the United States, China, and Vietnam, which are Korea's three largest exporters. As for non-tariff barriers, anti-dumping tariffs, countervailing tariffs, and emergency import restrictions were analyzed as import regulatory measures. Findings - In the case of the United States, it can be seen that the decline in textiles, steel and electronics sectors is even greater. In the case of China, it can be seen that exports declined after imposing non-tariff barriers in the steel sector. Finally, it can be seen that exports declined after Vietnam implemented a non-tariff barrier on the steel sector. It was found that non-tariff barriers offset the effects of the Free Trade Agreement. Research implications or Originality - Currently, Korea has free trade agreements with numerous countries. However, after the free trade agreement entered into force, the number of annual average import regulation investigations for Korean products is on the rise. In the end, the implementation of non-tariff barriers is offsetting the effects of free trade agreements. Therefore, when signing a free trade agreement, it is necessary to thoroughly prepare for import regulatory measures such as the insertion of provisions of non-tariff barriers.

• Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.3037-3048
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• 2018

This study tried to test the result of recent study reporting that there is no the effect of cross-subsidization by applying it to the Korean banks. Besides, the study also did the research to test the previous study that diversification toward non-interest operating sector is related with the motivation of reduction of bank risk. Main results are as follows. First, there is the effect of cross-subsidization between non-interest operating sector and interest one. The higher non-interest profit to total asset is, the lower loan growth and provision to total loan are. Second, the effect of cross-subsidization is related with the fee revenue to operating revenue rather than the fiduciary revenue to operating revenue because high fee revenue results in shrinking the lending business. Third, diversification toward non-interest sector is associated with reducing risk, and risk is not increased when the high performance of non-interest sector is occurred. This evidence is not line with DeYoung, Torna (2013) arguing that non-interest operating activities lead to increasing risk. Finally, Korean banks have to expand the activities in non-interesting sector focusing on boosting fee revenue to increase the effect of cross-subsidization against the possibility of cutting net interest margin.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.7
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• pp.21-30
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• 2021

This study examines the role of the manufacturing sector in stimulating economic growth in the Saudi economy. Even though the economic literature shows how the manufacturing sector stimulates economic growth, it does not clearly show the role of the manufacturing sector in economic growth. The study employed annual time-series data spanning the 1980-2018 period from the databases of the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority. Moreover, the cointegration and VECM approaches were employed to examine the short- and long-run relationship causality between variables. The results show a two-way causal relationship exists between the manufacturing sector and economic growth. Furthermore, the results indicate that a unidirectional causal relationship exists, running from the manufacturing sector to the services sector. The study recommends that the determinants of the growth of the Saudi manufacturing sector must be investigated. Moreover, the most productive Saudi manufacturing industries must be identified, and the productivity of other sectors must be increased in a way that contributes to economic plans and policies. Thus, adopting economic policies that stimulate investment in the manufacturing sector contributes to increasing non-oil exports to diversify sources of income to achieve vision 2030 of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.121-134
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• 2003

To improve the quality of the services and to concentrate on the core capability, in public sector the IT outsourcing is recently being vitalized by the institutional support of the government for the entrusting non-government. Because the lots of general studies so far have simply focused on indicating fragmentary factors i.e. economical factors, risk factors, system factors, or induction objects, etc., they are insufficient in making the practical decisions, therefore we indicated systemized model extending over the whole range of the IT outsourcing to support substantial decision makings, and assorted 4 categories and drew considerable 55 factors from the literature study to materialize the previously considerable factors at each decision making stage. And the principal factors were drawn from each decision making category by a group of 11 experts. Besides, a henceforth plan for the application was also presented through an actual example of the IT outsourcing decision making process of 'M', a public enterprise.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.283-288
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• 2016

In this study, applicability of GHG ETS Offset Program in Korea for a refrigerant sector was analyzed by reviewing foreign management policy and project status in progress related to refrigerants in the disposal stage. In order to derive the implication of the domestic Offset Program, it was looked into approved offset projects and certified offset credits current state in Korea. Offset Program has approved 22 methodologies up to the present, so it is necessary to enhance the accessibility to GHG reduction in various industrial sector including the refrigerant sector by developing appropriate methodologies. In this study firstly, it was investigated that management regulation of countries are managing the refrigerants in the disposal stage such as United States, Japan, Australia. Secondly, of CDM methodologies there were two methodologies associated with the refrigerant reduction(treatment), which were decomposition HFC-23 and destruction of HFC-134a. Also there were a non-registered methodology about destruction of HFC-134a of end of life vehicles. Lastly, in California according to Compliance Offset Program, there was Compliance Offset Protocol in ODS Projects that provided eligible conditions. Based on the review, it was examined the possible conditions for domestic offset project for refrigerant sector

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1993.07a
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• pp.73-75
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• 1993

In recent years, it is widely being issued to consider the Non-Utility Generation (NUG) in the public electric utility sector. The Non-Utility Generation can be divided into two major parts, i. e., dispersed generation and privatization. In the participation of the NUGs in the public sector, the economy of scale and publiciy of the NUGs should be considered. In this paper, we with give the present status of Non-Utility Generation and. problems caused by the dispersed generation and privatization. Also, the analysis of the problems of NUGs and future policies of the electric utility will be discussed.