• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.147-157
• /
• 1998

Purpose : The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the necessity of s1aging laparotomy in the management of supradiaphragmatic CS I-II Hodgkin's disease. Prognostic factors and the usefulness of prognostic factor groups were also analyzed. Materials and Methods : From 1985 to 1995, fifty one Patients who were diagnosed as supradiaphragmatic CS I-II Hodgkin's disease at Yonsei Cancer Center in Seoul, Korea were enrolled in this study Age range was 4 to 67 with median age of 30. The number of patients with each CS IA, II A, and IIB were 16, 25, and 10, respectively. Radiotherapy(RT) was delivered using 4 or 6 MV photon beam to a total dose of 19.5 to 55.6Gy (median dose : 45Gy) with a 1.5 to 1.BGy per fraction. Chemotherapy(CT) was given in 2-12 cycles(median : 6 cycles). Thirty one Patients were treated with RT alone, 4 patients with CT alone and 16 patients with combined chemoradiotherapy. RT volumes varied from involved fields(3), subtotal nodal fields(18) or mantle fields(26). Results : Five-year disease-free survival rate(DFS) was $78.0\%$ and overall survival rate(05) was $87.6\%$. Fifty Patients achieved a complete remission after initial treatment and 8 patients were relapsed. Salvage therapy was given to 7 patients, 1 with RT alone, 4 with CT alone, 2 with RT+CT. Only two patients were successfully salvaged. Feminine gender and large media-stinal adenopathy were significant adverse prognostic factors in the univariate analysis for DFS. The significant adverse prognostic factors of OS were B symptom and clinical stage. When patients were analyzed according to European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC) prognostic factor groups, the DFS in Patients with very favorable, favorable and unfavorable group was 100, 100 and $55.8\%$(p<0.05), and the 05 in each patients' group was 100, 100 and $75.1\%$(p<0.05), respectively. In very favorable and favorable groups, the DFS and 05 were all $100\%$ by RT alone, but in unfavorable group, RT with CT had a lesser relapse rate than RT alone. The subtotal nodal irradiation had better OFS than mantle RT in patients treated with RT. Conclusion : In present study, the DFS and OS in patients who did not undergo s1aging laparotomy were similar with the results in the literatures of which patients were surgically staged. Therefore, we may suggest that staging laparotomy would not influence the outcome of treatments. In univariate analysis, gender, large mediastinal adenopathy. B symptoms and clinical stage were significant prognostic factors for the survival rate. We confirm the usefulness of EORTC prognostic factor groups which may be a good.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.57 no.5
• /
• pp.226-231
• /
• 2014

Purpose: Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) is a benign disease, which is characterized by a cervical lymphadenopathy with fever, and it often mimics malignant lymphoma (ML). 2-[$^{18}F$]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ($^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT) is a powerful imaging modality for the diagnosis, staging and monitoring of ML, with the limitations including the nonspecific FDG uptake in infectious or inflammatory processes. This study compared clinical manifestations and PET/CT findings between KFD and ML patients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 23 patients with KFD and 33 patients with ML, diagnosed histopathologically, between January 2000 and May 2013 at the Department of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University Medical Center. Among them, we analyzed the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and characteristics, and the amount of $^{18}F$-FDG uptake between 8 KFD and 9 ML patients who had $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT. Results: The $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT maximum standardized uptake values ($SUV_{max}$) ranged from 8.3 to 22.5 (mean, 12.0) in KFDs, and from 5.8 to 34.3 (mean, 15.9) in MLs. There were no significant differences in $SUV_{max}$ between KFDs and MLs. $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT with ML patients showed hot uptakes in the extranodal organs, such as bone marrow, small bowel, thymus, kidney, orbit and pleura. However, none of the KFD cases showed extranodal uptake (P<0.001). $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT findings of KFD with nodal involvement only were indistinguishable from those of ML. Conclusion: Patients who had extranodal involvement on PET/CT were more likely to have malignancy than KFD.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.115-130
• /
• 2013

The sectional methods of current design codes have been broadly used for the design of various kinds of reinforced concrete pile caps. Lately, the strut-tie model approach of current design codes also became one of the attracting methods for pile caps. However, since the sectional methods and the strut-tie model approach of current design codes have been established by considering the behaviors of structural concrete without D-regions and two-dimensional concrete structures with D-regions, respectively, it is inappropriate to apply the methods to the pile caps dominated by 3-dimensional structural behavior with disturbed stress regions. In this study, the refined 3-dimensional strut-tie models, which consider the strength characteristics of 3-dimensional concrete struts and nodal zones and the load-carrying capacity of concrete ties in tension regions, are proposed for the rational analysis and design of pile caps. To examine the validity of the proposed models and to verify the necessity of appropriate constituent elements for describing 3-dimensional structural behavior and load-transfer mechanism of pile caps, the ultimate strength of 78 reinforced concrete pile caps tested to failure was examined by the proposed models along with the sectional and strut-tie model methods of current design codes.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 2018

When designing a reinforced concrete member using nonlinear finite element analysis results, the bending moment at the critical section should be calculated. In this paper, a bending moment calculation method using the results of reinforced concrete finite element analysis(FEA) using continuum elements is presented and the optimum element size according to the order of the displacement function of the finite element is proposed. The bending moments calculated by integrating the stresses from the FEA are compared with the bending moments calculated using the static equilibrium conditions. In the method of integrating the stress, both the stress due to the reinforcing bar and the stress of the concrete are considered. In addition, various factors affecting the accuracy of the stresses calculated by the FEA were analyzed and the influence of the displacement function and the element size was verified. If the purpose of the analysis is to roughly observe the behavior of the members, it is appropriate to use the first order displacement function and the element size should be about 25% of the section height of the analytical model. When the bending moment of a member with high accuracy is required, it is suggested that the secondary displacement function be used and the element size be 12.5%.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.13 no.11
• /
• pp.5511-5515
• /
• 2012

Introduction: The nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) is a super family of transcription factors which plays important roles in development and progression of cancer. The present investigation concerns NF-${\kappa}B$ /p65 activity in human breast cancers with overexpression of ER, PR, HER-2/neu, as well as the significance of p65 expression with regard to menopausal status, stage, grade, tumor size, nodal status, and NPI of invasive ductal carcinomas in Eastern India. Materials and Methods: In this hospital based study 57 breast cancer patients attending a Breast Clinic of a reputed institute of Eastern India were assessed for p65 protein expression in breast tumor tissue samples by Western blotting. ER, PR and HER-2/neu expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Results: NF-${\kappa}B$/p65 was significantly associated with advanced stage, large tumor size (${\geq}5$ cm), high grade, negative ER, negative PR, and positive HER-2/neu. High NF-${\kappa}B$/p65 expression was more frequent in patients with a high NPI ($NPI{\geq}5.4$, 84.6%) compared with low NPI (<5.4, 44.4%) and this association was statistically significant (p = 0.002). Conclusion: NF-${\kappa}B$/p65 overexpression was associated with advanced stage, large tumor size, high grade, and high NPI which are poor prognostic factors linked to enhanced aggressiveness of the disease. NF-${\kappa}B$/p65 expression implies aggressive biological behavior of breast cancer and this study validates significant association of NF-${\kappa}B$ /p65 overexpression with negative estrogen and progesterone receptor status and overexpression of HER-2/neu oncoprotein. In our good clinical practice, patients with NF-${\kappa}B$ positive tumors need to be treated aggressively.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.9-14
• /
• 2007

Background and Objectives：The prevalence rate of laryngeal cancer, the cancer known as good prognosis in comparison to other malignancy, accounts for 1% of all malignancy in Korea(Korea Central Cancer Registry, 2002). The purpose of this study is to review the treatment experiences of our hospital and find prognostic factors in laryngeal cancer patients. Materials and Method：A retrospective study was conducted on 244 laryngeal cancer patients between January 1987 through December 2003. Age, sex, TNM stage, 5 year survival rate, prognostic factors were analyzed. Results：The overall 5 year survival rate was 57.8%. The 5 year survival rate according to primary site and treatment method showed supraglottis 49.5%, glottis 79.2%, transglottis 28.2% and surgery only 71.4%, radiotherapy only 58.1%, post operative radiotherapy 47.2%, salvage operation 52.0%. There was no statistically significant difference among the results obtained by 4 different methods of treatment. but in supraglottis, surgery only has good 5 year survival rate(75.8%) compare to radiotherapy only(38.3%), postoperative radiotherapy(20.0%), salvage operation(43.7%) and there was statistically significant difference. The 5 year survival rate according to clinical stage and T status showed 84.1%, 37.2%, in stage I & II, III & IV respectively, 72.9%, 37.5% in stage T1 & T2, T3 & T4 respectively. The 5 year survival rate according to nodal status showed N(-)77.1%, N(+)35.6%. Conclusion：Those patient with early T stage, early clinical stage, glottic cancer, negative neck node and surgery only patient in supraglottis showed good treatment results in univariate analysis. The clinical stage and primary site of laryngeal cancer were found to be significant prognostic factors in laryngeal cancer patients in multivariate analysis.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.64-68
• /
• 2000

Objectives: With the recent advances and increasing use of imaging techniques in examination of the neck, the incidence of incidentally discovered thyroid carcinoma has been increasing. This study was carried out to evaluate the clinicopathologic characteristics of incidental thyroid carcinomas and to find optimal therapeutic strategies for these lesions. Materials & Methods: From Jan. 1988 to Aug. 1998, 1,053 patients were operated on for thyroid cancer, of whom 127(12.1%) had incidentally discovered thyroid cancers which were identified during routine health checkups(n=40), diagnostic procedures for unrelated medical conditions(n=39) and mass screening for thyroid cancer(n=48). The preoperative diagnosis was obtained by ultrasound-guided FNAB and the extent of surgery was determined based on frozen section examinations, as well as prognostic factors and gross findings at the time of surgery. Results: There were 6 men and 121 women with a mean age of 45.9 years. Histopathological diagnosis included papillary carcinomas(n=1l9), follicular carcinomas(n=6), poorly differentiated carcinoma(n=l) and medullary carcinoma(n=1). Thirty patients(23.6%) had multifocallesions. The mean diameter of the tumors was 1.1 cm(0.2-3.4 cm). Capsular invasions were found in 53 patients(41.7%) and nodal metastases in 41(32.3%). The surgical procedures used were: 90 less-than total thyroidectomies and 37 total thyroidectomies with central neck node dissection. Lateral neck dissection was added in 5 patients. According to TNM staging, 79 patients(63.2%) were at stage I, 15(12.0%) at stage II, 31(24.8%) at stage III and 0(0.0%) at stage IV. By AMES scoring system, 102 patients(81.6%) were in the low-risk group and 23(18.4%) in the high-risk group. And by MACIS scoring system, 103(86.6%) of 119 papillary thyroid cancer patients were less than 6. Conclusions: The clinicopathological characteristics of incidentally discovered thyroid carcinomas are similar to ordinary thyroid carcinomas. The treatment of choice should be individualized based on the particular clinical situation encountered, as in ordinary thyroid carcinomas.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.50-57
• /
• 1997

Using a bioassay for tuber enlargement activity, which was carried out with culture of microtuber of nodal stem segments in vitro, the endogenous substances was detected from leaves of yam(Diosorea alata L., cv. Solo Yam) treated under the short and the long day length condition. Tuber enlargement activity was found in both the aqueous and ethyl acetate phase of extract obtained from leaves of yams. Those activity was found in both the aqueous and ethyl acetate phase of extract obtained from leaves of yams. Those activities increased under the short day length, whereas not increased under the long day length. Guided by bioassay, the active substances in the ethyl acetate phase were purified by charcoal adsorption chromatography. The result obtained indicated that the 40% ethanol fraction contained the most prominent tuber enlargement activity. In seasonal changes of the leaves, tuber enlargement activity remained almost constant during summer(June-August), but after. the middle of September, the activity increased gradually and then reached a maximum in early October. Jasmonic acid (JA) was isolated with the guidance of microtuber test and identified by gas chromatography. The level of endogenous JA in the leaves of plants was more than $290{\mu}g/kg$ at the 10 hr day length. These results seem evidences for the occurrence of the tuber enlargement activity which is formed in leaves under the short days and transmitted to under ground part to induce growth and enlargement of tuber.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.105-115
• /
• 2005

Purpose: The lymph node status assessed by conventional histological examination is the most important prognostic factor in patients undergoing surgery for oral squamous cell carcinoma. The presence of lymph node metastasis has a strong adverse impact on patient survival even after extended radical resection. Despite these findings, tumour recurrence is not rare after surgery, even when histological examination shows no lymph node metastasis. Recently, molecular-genetically and immunohistochemically demonstrated micrometastasis to the lymph nodes has been shown to have a significant adverse influence on survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma and histologically negative nodes. The present study sought to determine the incidence and clarify the clinical significance of molecular-genetically and immunohistochemically demonstrated nodal micrometastases and to correlate these data with the stage of oral cancer. Methods: Lymph nodes systematically removed from 71 patients who underwent curative resection between 1998 and 2003 with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were examined molecular-genetically to detect cytokeratin 5 mRNA with RT-PCR and immunohistochemically to detect cells that stained positively for cytokeratins with the monoclonal antibody cocktail AE1/AE3. The postoperative course and survival rates were compared among patients with and without micrometastases, after numerical classification of overt metastatic nodes. Results: micrometastases were detected in 43(60%) of 71 patients by RT-PCR and 26(36%) of 71 patients by immunohistochemistry. By RT-PCR analysis, patients exhibiting a positive band for CK 5 mRNA had a significantly worse prognosis than those were RT-PCR negative. By immunohistochemistry, the presence of micrometastasis did not predict patient outcome. Conclusion: Micrometastases detected by RT-PCR may be of clinical value in identifying patients who may be at high risk for recurrence and who are therefore likely to benefit from systemic adjuvant therapy.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.3 no.4
• /
• pp.109-122
• /
• 1983

An accurate thick beam element (TB4) which includes the effects of the shear deformation and rotatory inertia has been degenerated from the three dimensional continuum by employing the Timoshenko beam assumptions. The proposed TB4 element has four nodes and two degrees of freedom at each node, totally eight degrees of freedom. The transverse deflection W and plane rotation ${\theta}$ with the cubic interpolation functions are selected as nodal variables. The element characteristics are formulated by discretizing the beam equations of motion, using the Galerkin weighted residual method, and are numerically integrated by the reduced shear integration technique, using the three-point Gauss quadrature with the various shear coefficients. Several numerical examples are analyzed to demonstrate the accuracy and the monotonic convergence behavior of the proposed TB4 beam element. The result indicates that the TB4 element shows the more excellent performance and the monotonic convergence behavior than the other existing Timoshenko beam type elements for the whole range of the beam aspect ratios, in both static and free vibration analyses.