• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.432.2-432.2
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• 2014

Recently, colloidal core/shell type quantum dots lighting-emitting diodes (QDLEDs) have been extensively studied and developed for the future of optoelectronic applications. In the work, we fabricate an inverted CdSe/ZnS quantum dot (QD) based light-emitting diodes (QDLED)[1]. In order to reduce work function of indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode for inverted structure, a very thin (<10 nm) polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) is used as surface modifier[2] instead of conventional metal oxide electron injection layer. The PEIE layer substantially reduces the work function of ITO electrodes which is estimated to be 3.08 eV by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). From transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study, CdSe/ZnS QDs are uniformly distributed and formed by a monolayer on PEIE layer. In this inverted QD LED, two kinds of hybrid organic materials, [poly (9,9-di-n-octyl-fluorene-alt-benzothiadiazolo)(F8BT) + poly(N,N'-bis (4-butylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)benzidine (poly-TPD)] and [4,4'-N,N'-dicarbazole-biphenyl (CBP) + poly-TPD], were adopted as hole transport layer having high highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level for improving hole transport ability. At a low-operating voltage of 8 V, the device emits orange and red spectral radiation with high brightness up to 2450 and 1420 cd/m2, and luminance efficacy of 1.4 cd/A and 0.89 cd/A, respectively, at 7 V applied bias. Also, the carrier transport mechanisms for the QD LEDs are described by using several models to fit the experimental I-V data.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.152-156
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• 1999

여기밀도 변화에 따른 펄스폭 연속 가변 Quenched Dye Laser(Q이)를 설계 제작하여 그 동작 특성을 분석하였다. 펌핑광원은 펄스폭 20 ns(FWHM), 에너지 150mJ의 XecCl 엑시머 레이저를 사용하였으며, 색소레이저의 활성매질은 Rhodamine 6G로서 에탄올(ethanol)용액에 2.5$\times$10-3[mol/l]의 농도로 용해되었다. 활성길이 5 nm인 색소셀에서 서로 평행한 양면을 공진기로 구성하여 색소레이저의 이완발진 출력특성을 얻었다. 이완발진의 펄스열에서 단일 펄스를 추출하기 위해 QDL를 구성하였다. QDL의 펄스폭을 가변하기 위해 초점거리 f=150 mm 접속렌즈를 이동시켜 색소셀에 조사되는 공간적 펌핑폭을 조절함으로써 여기밀도를 8.8$\times$1023[cm-3s-1]~2.8$\times$1023[cm-3s-1]까지 가변시켰다. 공간적 펌핑폭에 따른 펄스폭 가변 실험을 수행한 결과 QDL의 발진 펄스폭이 86 ps~201 ps 사이에서 연속적으로 가변됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.109-109
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• 2010

$Er^{3+}$ ion shows a stable and efficient luminescence at 1.54mm due to its $^4I_{13/2}\;{\rightarrow}\;^4I_{15/2}$ intra-4f transition. As this corresponds to the low-loss window of silica-based optical fibers, Er-based light sources have become a mainstay of the long-distance telecom. In most telecom applications, $Er^{3+}$ ions are excited via resonant optical pumping. However, if nanocluster-Si (nc-Si) are co-doped with $Er^{3+}$, $Er^{3+}$ can be excited via energy transfer from excited electrical carriers in the nc-Si as well. This combines the broad, strong absorption band of nc-Si with narrow, stable emission spectra of $Er^{3+}$ to allow top-pumping with off-resonant, low-cost broadband light sources as well as electrical pumping. A widely used method to achieve nc-Si sensitization of $Er^{3+}$ is high-temperature annealing of Er-doped, non-stoichiometric amorphous thin film with excess Si (e.g.,silicon-rich silicon oxide(SRSO)) to precipitate nc-Si and optically activate $Er^{3+}$ at the same time. Unfortunately, such precipitation and growth of nc-Si into Er-doped oxide matrix can lead to $Er^{3+}$ clustering away from nc-Si at anneal temperatures much lower than ${\sim}1000^{\circ}C$ that is necessary for full optical activation of $Er^{3+}$ in $SiO_2$. Recently, silicon-rich silicon nitride (SRSN) was reported to be a promising alternative to SRSO that can overcome this problem of Er clustering. But as nc-Si formation and optical activation $Er^{3+}$ remain linked in Er-doped SRSN, it is not clear which mechanism is responsible for the observed improvement. In this paper, we report on investigating the effect of separating the nc-Si formation and $Er^{3+}$ activation by using hetero-multilayers that consist of nm-thin SRSO or SRSN sensitizing layers with Er-doped $SiO_2$ or $Si_3N_4$ luminescing layers.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.322-322
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• 2010

For boron doping on n-type silicon wafer, around $1,000^{\circ}C$ doping temperature is required, because of the relatively low solubility of boron in a crystalline silicon comparing to the phosphorus case. Boron doping by fiber laser annealing and lamp furnace heat treatment were carried out for the uniformly deposited p-a-Si:H layer. Since the uniformly deposited p-a-Si:H layer by cluster is highly needed to be doped with high temperature heat treatment. Amorphous silicon layer absorption range for fiber laser did not match well to be directly annealed. To improve the annealing effect, we introduce additional lamp furnace heat treatment. For p-a-Si:H layer with the ratio of $SiH_4:B_2H_6:H_2$=30:30:120, at $200^{\circ}C$, 50 W power, 0.2 Torr for 30 min. $20\;mm\;{\times}\;20\;mm$ size fiber laser cut wafers were activated by Q-switched fiber laser (1,064 nm) with different sets of power levels and periods, and for the lamp furnace annealing, $980^{\circ}C$ for 30 min heat treatment were implemented. To make the sheet resistance expectable and uniform as important processes for the $p^+$ layer on a polished n-type silicon wafer of (100) plane, the Q-switched fiber laser used. In consequence of comparing the results of lifetime measurement and sheet resistance relation, the fiber laser treatment showed the trade-offs between the lifetime and the sheet resistance as $100\;{\omega}/sq.$ and $11.8\;{\mu}s$ vs. $17\;{\omega}/sq.$ and $8.2\;{\mu}s$. Diode level device was made to confirm the electrical properties of these experimental results by measuring C-V(-F), I-V(-T) characteristics. Uniform and expectable boron heavy doped layers by fiber laser and lamp furnace are not only basic and essential conditions for the n-type crystalline silicon solar cell fabrication processes, but also the controllable doping concentration and depth can be established according to the deposition conditions of layers.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.754-759
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• 2017

100 l scale 미세조류 배양 시스템은 LED 광을 기반으로 자체 제작하였으며 Nannochloropsis oculata를 f/2 medium에서 광도($100{\mu}mol/m^2/s$), 배양온도($20^{\circ}C{\pm}1^{\circ}C$), LD cycle (12 hr)으로 배양하였다. 그 결과 LED blue (475 nm)에서 $100{\mu}mol/m^2/s$의 광도, 24 mg/l의 nitrate 농도에서 100 l 대량배양 결과 최대 biomass인 1.07 g/l를 배양하였다. 이렇게 배양된 미세조류에서 유용물질을 추출의 위한 추출방법을 확보하고 나아가 산물의 추출, 농축 및 건조공정 기술을 최적화하고자 하였다. 추출은 물리적인 방법인 sonicator, homogenizer를 이용한 파쇄법과 화학적인 방법인 0.5M HCl 파쇄법을 이용한 결과 chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid 함량은 물리적인 파쇄법인 sonicator를 이용 시 1.6, 0.5, 0.3 mg/g cell, homogenizer 이용 시 1.0, 0.6, 0.2 mg/g cell로 측정되었다. 0.5M HCl의 화학적 파쇄법 이용 시 chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b 함량은 0.9, 0.8 mg/g cell으로 측정되었다. 파쇄시간당 추출되는 영양물질이 가장 높은 시간은 15 min 파쇄 시 3.6 mg/g cell로 측정되었으며 acetone, methanol, ethanol의 3가지 용매 중 acetone이 3.6 mg/g cell로 효과적이 용매로 측정되었다. 농축은 2종류의 연속원심분리장비(tubular type, disk type), 마이크로필터, 필터프레스 4종 장비를 이용하여 시험한 결과 마이크로필터, disk type 연속원심분리기, Tubular type 연속원심분리기의 경우 16.0, 1.1, 0.5 g/l의 순으로 시간당 수율을 확인하였다. 건조공정 최적화를 위하여 열풍건조기, 진공건조기, 분무건조기, 동결건조기 등의 4종 시생산설비를 이용해 미세조류의 시간당 회수율 분무건조기는 Dextrin 0.5 kg이 첨가되면 회수율이 80%이지만 순도가 떨어졌고 동결건조기 회수율은 60%로 측정되었다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제43회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.237-237
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• 2012

토파즈는 Al2SiO4 ((F,OH)2) 화학성분을 이루고 있는 광물로써 주로 Fe, Cr, V 등과 같은 불순물을 포함하고 있다. 토파즈는 colorless, blue, pink, yellow 등 다양한 컬러로 산출된다. 결정 내 Si4+ 가 있어야 할 자리에 Al3+ 가 치환되면 Al3+ 를 둘러싸고 있는 4개의 산소 중 하나의 최외각 전자가 전자가를 맞추기 위해 주변에 있던 수소와 결합하여 hole center를 형성한다. 이때 토파즈는 옅은 황색의 컬러를 발색하게 된다. 그 외 청색과 핑크색 등의 컬러는 Al3+ 자리에 치환된 Fe, Cr 등과 같은 불순물에 의해 발색을 일으킨다. 또한 토파즈는 인위적으로 감마선, 전자 빔, 양성자 빔, 중성자 빔을 통해서도 hole center를 형성시켜 컬러를 발색시킬 수 있다고 잘 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 총 8개의 무색 토파즈를 이용하여 다양한 조건(energy 및 dose)의 전자 빔 조사를 통해 각 조건 별 컬러변화 및 분광학적 특성변화를 관찰하였다. 모든 시료는 WD-XRF를 통해 정성분석을 하였고, 전자스핀공명(ESR)기기를 통해 전자 빔 조사 전과 후 전자의 스핀 특성 변화를 관찰하였다. 자외선-가시광선 분광분석결과 모든 시료는 전자빔 조사 후 황색과 관련이 있는 450 nm 부근의 파장 영역에서 흡수 peak가 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 전자 빔 조사 후 전자스핀공명 분석 결과에서도 Fe3+ 와 관련이 있는 g=3.5~4 영역은 감소하는 반면에 hole center와 관련이 있는 g=2.012 영역이 증가하는 향상을 보였다. 본 연구결과를 통해 우리는 전자 빔 조사 조건에 따라 토파즈의 결정 내부에 미치는 영향 및 컬러 변화와의 상관관계에 대해 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.544-549
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• 2009

Activated carbon (AC) with very large surface area has high capacitance per weight. However, such activation methods tend to suffer from low yields, below 50%, and are low in electrode density and capacitance per volume. Carbon NanoFibers (CNFs) had high surface area polarizability, high electrical conductivity and chemical stability, as well as extremely high mechanical strength and modulus, which make them an important material for electrochemical capacitors. The electrochemical properties of immobilized CNF electrodes were studied for use as in electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) applications. Immobilized CNFs on Ni foam grown by thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were successfully fabricated. CNFs had a uniform diameter range from 50 to 60 nm. Surface area was 56 m$^2$/g. CNF electrodes were compared with AC and multi wall carbon nanotube (MWNT) electrodes. The electrochemical performance of the various electrodes was examined with aqueous electrolyte of 2M KOH. Equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the CNF electrodes was lower than that of AC and MWNT electrodes. The specific capacitance of 47.5 F/g of the CNF electrodes was achieved with discharge current density of 1 mA/cm$^2$.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.192-198
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• 2017

Carbon nanofiber (CNF) is used as an electrode material for electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), and is being consistently researched to improve its electrochemical performance. However, CNF still faces important challenges due to the low mesopore volume, leading to a poor high-rate performance. In the present study, we prepared the unique architecture of the activated mesoporous CNF with a high specific surface area and high mesopore volume, which were successfully synthesized using PMMA as a pore-forming agent and the KOH activation. The activated mesoporous CNF was found to exhibit the high specific surface area of $703m^2g^{-1}$, total pore volume of $0.51cm^3g^{-1}$, average pore diameter of 2.9 nm, and high mesopore volume of 35.2 %. The activated mesoporous CNF also indicated the high specific capacitance of $143F\;g^{-1}$, high-rate performance, high energy density of $17.9-13.0W\;h\;kg^{-1}$, and excellent cycling stability. Therefore, this unique architecture with a high specific surface area and high mesopore volume provides profitable synergistic effects in terms of the increased electrical double-layer area and favorable ion diffusion at a high current density. Consequently, the activated mesoporous CNF is a promising candidate as an electrode material for high-performance EDLCs.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2013

Objectives: To evaluate the inhibitory effect of ursolic acid (UA)-containing composites on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm. Materials and Methods: Composite resins with five different concentrations (0.04, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%) of UA (U6753, Sigma Aldrich) were prepared, and their flexural strengths were measured according to ISO 4049. To evaluate the effect of carbohydrate source on biofilm formation, either glucose or sucrose was used as a nutrient source, and to investigate the effect of saliva treatment, the specimen were treated with either unstimulated whole saliva or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). For biofilm assay, composite disks were transferred to S. mutans suspension and incubated for 24 hr. Afterwards, the specimens were rinsed with PBS and sonicated. The colony forming units (CFU) of the disrupted biofilm cultures were enumerated. For growth inhibition test, the composites were placed on a polystyrene well cluster, and S. mutans suspension was inoculated. The optical density at 600 nm ($OD_{600}$) was recorded by Infinite F200 pro apparatus (TECAN). One-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction were used for the data analyses. Results: The flexural strength values did not show significant difference at any concentration (p > 0.01). In biofilm assay, the CFU score decreased as the concentration of UA increased. The influence of saliva pretreatment was conflicting. The sucrose groups exhibited higher CFU score than glucose group (p < 0.05). In bacterial growth inhibition test, all experimental groups containing UA resulted in complete inhibition. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the experiments, UA included in the composite showed inhibitory effect on S. mutans biofilm formation and growth.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.227-237
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• 2002

A numerical technique for simulating the aggregation of charged particles was presented with a Brownian dynamic simulation in the free molecular regime. The Langevin equation was used for tracking each particle making up an aggregate. A periodic boundary condition was used for calculation of the aggregation process in each cell with 500 primary particles of 16 nm in diameter. We considered the thermal force and the electrostatic force for the calculation of the particle motion. The electrostatic force on a particle in the simulation cell was considered as a sum of electrostatic forces from other particles in the original cell and its replicate cells. We assumed that the electric charges accumulated on an aggregate were located on its center of mass, and aggregates were only charged with pre-charged primary particles. The morphological shape of aggregates was described in terms of the fractal dimension. In the simulation, the fractal dimension for the uncharged aggregate was D$\_$f/ = 1.761. The fractal dimension changed slightly for the various amounts of bipolar charge. However, in case of unipolar charge, the fractal dimension decreased from 1.641 to 1.537 with the increase of the average number of charges on the particles from 0.2 to 0.3 in initial states. In the bipolar charge state, the average sizes of aggregates were larger than that of the uncharged state in the early and middle stages of aggregation process, but were almost the same as the case of the uncharged state in the final stage. On the other hand, in the unipolar charge state, the average size of aggregates and the dispersion of particle volume decreased with the increasing of the charge quantities.