• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.105-114
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• 1973

The crystal structure of morpholinothiosemicarbazide has been determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. The lattice constants are a = 4.19(2), b = 6.56(2) and c = 26.67(4)${\AA}$. The unit cell contains 4 molecules and the space group is$P2_12_12_1$. The atomic parameters have been refined by least-squares method to a final R value of 0.07, based on the 651 observed reflexions. The amino nitrogen atom forms hydrogen bonds to the sulfur atoms of the other molecules related by the two-fold screw axis parallel to the a-axis, the distances of the hydrogen bonds being 3.48 and 3.49${\AA}$. On the other hand, the imino nitrogen atom forms a hydrogen bond to the amino nitrogen atom of the other molecule related by the two-fold screw axis parallel to the a-axis, the distance of the hydrogen bond being 3.04${\AA}$. These three hydrogen bonds arrange the molecules around the two-fold screw axis. Apart from the hydrogen bonding system the structure is held together by van der Waals forces.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.329-340
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• 1974

Sulfadiazine, $C_{10}H_{10}N_4O_2S$, forms monoclinic crystals of space group $P21}c$ from a mixture of acetone and ethanol with $a=13.71{\pm}0.04,\;b=5.84{\pm}0.03,\;c=15.11{\pm}0.05{\AA},\;{\beta}=115.0{\pm}0.3^{\circ}$, and four molecules per cell. Three dimensional photographic data were collected with $CuK\alpha$ radiation. The structure was determined using Patterson and Fourier synthesis methods and refined by block diagonal least-squares methods with isotropic thermal parameter for all non-hydrogen atoms. The final R value was 0.15 for the 1517 observed independent reflections. The dihedral angle between the planes through the benzene ring and the pyrimidine ring is $76^{\circ}$. The conformational angle formed by the projection of the S-C(5) bond with that of N(1)-C(1) where the projection is taken along the S-N(1) bond is $77^{\circ}$. The imino nitrogen atom, N(1), and pyrimidine nitrogen atom, N(3), form intermolecular $N-H{\cdots}N$ hydrogen bond between the molecules related by center of symmetry. Amino nitrogen atom, N(4), forms two intermolecular $N-H{\cdots}O$ hydrogen bonds, with O(1) and O(2) atoms of different molecules separated by b. A two dimensional network of hydrogen bonds form infinite molecular sheets parallel to the (100) plane. Adjacent sheets are bound together by van der Waals forces.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.109-126
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• 1999

The location of Cu(II) exchanged into measoporous aluminosilicate MCM-41(AlMCM-41) material and its interaction with various adsorbate molecules were investigated by electron spin resonance and electron spin echo modulation spectroscopies. Cu(II) is fully coordinated to adsorbates in a wide open mesopore of AlMCM-41 for the formation of favorable complexes. It was found that in the fresh hydrated material, Cu(II) is octahedrally coordinated to six water molecules as evidenced by an isotropic room temperature ESR signal. This species is located in a cylindrical MCM-41 channel and rotates rapidly at room temperature. Evacuation at room temperature removes some of these water molecules, leaving the Cu(II) coordinated to less water molecules and anchored to oxygens in an MCM-41 channel wall. Dehydration at 450$^{\circ}C$ produces one Cu(II) species located on the internal wall of a channel, which is easily accessible to adsorbates. Adsorption of adsorbate molecules such as water, methanol, ammonia, pyridine, aniline, acetonitrile, benzene, and ethylene on a dehydrated Cu-AlMCM-41 material causes changes in the ESR spectrum of Cu(II), indicating the complex formation with these adsorbates. Cu(II) forms a complex with six molecules of methanol as evidenced by an isotropic room temperature ESR signal and ESEM analysis like upon water adsorption. Cu(II) also forms a square planar complex containing four molecules of N-containing adsorbates such as ammonia, pyridine and aniline based on resolved nitrogen superhyperfine interaction and their ESR parameters. However, Cu(II) forms a complex with six-molecules of acetonitrile based on ESR parameters. Only one molecule of benzene or ethylene is coordinated to Cu(II).

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 1976

The studies were carried out to examine the effects of supplementation of nutritional substances and physical conditions in substrate on the mycelial growth and yield of fresh sporophores of winter mushroom, Flammulina velutipes(Curt. ex Fr.) Sing. and to obtain further informations on the nutritional requirements of the fungus with reference to improvement of substrate through [analysis of chemical composition of the substrates during the cultivation period. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The best yield of fresh sporophores, 84.4 g per 280 g substrate in a bottle, was obtained from the mixture of poplar sawdust 10 and rice bran 3 by volume when Flammulina velutipes was cultivated on the poplar sawdust supplemented by rice bran, wheat bran, cattle manure and various combinations of these materials as nutrient sources. The substrates of poplar sawdust 10 plus rice bran 3 and 2 or wheat bran 3 with a higher yield of fresh sporophores showed a comparatively higher content of total nitrogen. total sugar, and potassium. 2. The mycelial growth of the fungus was compared on the substrates of poplar sawdust supplemented by the several nutrient sources and poplar sawdust alone. The fastest linear growth occurred on substrates of poplar sawdust alone and poplar sawdust plus cattle manure deficient in sugar and nitrogen sources, but mycelial density was more sparse on the substrates. Also, growth in a solution extracted from these substrates was very meager. 3. In the substrates which varied with bulk density and moisture content optimum bulk density and moisture content for mycelial growth was 0.2g/cc and 72% on a dry weight basis, respectively, but the highest yield of fresh sporophores was obtained at the bulk density of 0.3g/cc and moisture content of 67%. 4. By increasing the ratio of rice bran in poplar sawdust the loss of total weight and ash, content at each stage was increased, and during the cultivation period of 75 days, loss of total weight of the substrates at inoculation was 17.8 to 28.8% and ash content increased about 12%. 5. 11 to 14% of the cellulose and 3 to 4% of the lignin content per original substrate were decreased without a great difference depending of the mixing ratio of rice bran. The soluble glucose concentration in the substrates was increased during the same period. 6. In the process of vegetative and reproductive growth of the fungus upon the substrates, the total nitrogen was increased in quantity per dry weight of sample but was reduced in absolute quantity to a minute extent. There is no great changes in content of organic nitrogen including amino acid nitrogen, and hydrolysable ammonium nitrogen during the vegetative growth period, but occurrence of sporophores resulted in a decrease in the nitrogen content of these forms. On the one hand, by an increase of additive amounts of rice bran, nitrogen contents of these forms were higher and the reduction range during the reproductive growth period became wider. 7. Mycelial growth of the fungus was accelerated in various liquid media supplemented with organic nitrogen sources such as peptone and yeast extract in comparison with addition of inorganic nitrogen sources. Furthermore, mycelial growth was mere vigorous in the media with higher content of organic nitrogen sources.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.9-19
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• 2009

This research addressed nonpoint source (NPS) pollution characteristics in a reclaimed rice paddy field. The paddy has an area of around 2,998 ha and is divided as two sub-watersheds, whose areas are 1,181 ha and 1,817 ha, respectively. Monitoring of hydrologic runoff and NPS pollution was undertaken during three-month period from June to August, 2008. Totally, three sampling trips were made when rainfall depth were 66.0 mm, 23.5 mm, and 23.0 mm, respectively. Generally pollution load increased with the heavier cultivation activity in Korea. Exported pollutants from the rice paddy, including TSS, TN and TP, have same levels as forest discharge. Organic nitrogen is main pattern but it mainly exists in the forms of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). For phosphorus, dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) takes the main part although part of them is associated with fine particles. This is different compared with other watersheds, where particles-associated phosphorus is the main form.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.200-207
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• 2009

This study examined the effects of com gluten (CG) and its hydrolysate consumptions on weight reduction in rats fed a high-fat diet. Eight-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) were fed a high-fat diet (40% calorie as fat) for 4 weeks. They were then randomly divided into four groups and fed the isocaloric diets with different protein sources for 8 weeks. The protein sources were casein (control group), intact CG (CG group), CG hydrolysate A (CGHA group, 30% of protein as peptides and 70% as free amino acids) and CG hydrolysate P (CGHP group, 93% of protein as peptides and 7% as free amino acids). Body weight gain, adipose tissue weights, nitrogen balance, absorptions of energy, protein and fat, lipid profiles in plasma, liver and feces and hepatic activities of camitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT), fatty acid synthase (FAS), malic enzyme (ME) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were assessed. The CGHA diet had the highest amount of BCAAs, especially leucine, and most of them existed as free amino acid forms. The CGHA group showed significant weight reduction and negative nitrogen balance. Protein absorption and apparent protein digestibility in the CGHA group were significantly lower than those in other groups. Adipose tissue weights were the lowest in the CGHA group. Activity of CPT tended to be higher in the CGHA group than in other groups and those of FAS, ME and G6PDH were significantly lower in the CGHA group than in other groups. In conclusion, the CGHA diet which had relatively high amounts of free amino acids and BCAAs, especially leucine, had a weight reduction effect by lowering adipose tissue weight and the activities of FAS, ME and G6PDH in experimental animals, but it seemed to be a negative result induced by lowering protein absorption, increasing urinary nitrogen excretion and protein catabolism.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1689-1697
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• 2013

This study was designed to determine the effect of physical form and urea treatment of rice straw on rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and nutrient digestibility. Four rumen-fistulated dairy steers were randomly assigned according to a 2 (2 factorial arrangement in a 4 (4 Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. Factor A was roughage source: untreated rice straw (RS) and urea-treated (3%) rice straw (UTRS), and factor B was type of physical form of rice straw: long form rice straw (LFR) and chopped (4 cm) rice straw (CHR). The steers were offered the concentrate at 0.5% body weight (BW) /d and rice straw was fed ad libitum. DM intake and nutrient digestibility were increased (p<0.05) by urea treatment. Ruminal pH were decreased (p<0.05) in UTRS fed group, while ruminal ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were increased (p<0.01) by urea treatment. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations increased (p<0.01) when steers were fed UTRS. Furthermore, VFA concentrations were not altered by treatments (p>0.05), except propionic acid (C3) was increased (p<0.05) in UTRS fed group. Nitrogen (N) balance was affected by urea treatment (p<0.05). Microbial protein synthesis (MCP) synthesis were greater by UTRS and CHR group (p<0.05). The efficiency of microbial N synthesis was greater for UTRS than for RS (p<0.05). From these results, it can be concluded that using the long form combined with urea treatment of rice straw improved feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and efficiency of microbial N synthesis in crossbred dairy steers.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.64-70
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• 2011

Nitrate reductase (NR) is activated by nitrogen sources (${NO_3}^-$ and ${NH_4}^+$) and irradiance. This study investigated the effects of these factors on the NR activity of Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta) and Ecklonia cava (Phaeophyta). In addition, the ammonium (${NH_4}^+$) and nitrate (${NO_3}^-$) uptake rates of the two species were examined. U. pertusa took up most of the ${NO_3}^-$ and ${NH_4}^+$ in the medium during a 3hour incubation, while E. cava had a relatively high uptake rate after 3 hours. The NR activities of the two species were affected by the nitrogen source and irradiance and were highest when they were exposed to ${NO_3}^-$-rich medium and high irradiance. However, the patterns of NR activity differed between the two species. In ${NO_3}^-$-rich medium and high irradiance, U. pertusa achieved the highest NR activity ($2.01{\pm}0.07\;{\mu}mol$ ${NO_2}^-$ $g^{-1}$ DW $h^{-1}$) within the first 3 hours and then this activity decreased drastically. By contrast, the NR activity of E. cava ($0.36{\pm}0.04\;{\mu}mol$ ${NO_2}^-$ $g^{-1}$ DW $h^{-1}$) was constant for 12 hours. When exposed to darkness, the NR activity of U. pertusa decreased dramatically, while that of E. cava increased gradually for 12 hours. Therefore, E. cava is able to maintain NR activity during the dark because of its adequate carbohydrate reserves and substrate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.24-39
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• 1976

The present study was undertaken to investigate the metabolic problems of high carbohydrate and cellulose diets of Korean. Forty males and same number of females of Albino rats, aged $45{\pm}5$days were divided into 95% high carbohydrate (H. CHO)group, 83.8% medium carbohydrate (M. CHO)group, 50% low carbohydrate (L. CHO) group and standard (Stand). group containing 72.2% sugar. Each group was divided into two again-1.55% cellulose group and non-cellulose group, 10 rats each of eight groups in both sexes. Cellulose was added to each of non-cellulose diets in the forms of spinach powder and rice bran. After 14 weeks the rats were sacrificed for chemical analysis and the results were elucidated as follows. (1) H. CHO+Cell. group showed the lowest value in body weight gained and shrinkage of almost all organs, in contrast with this group the L.CHO group showed higher body weight gained than Stand. group. M. CHO+Cell, group showed much the same body weight gained curve as Stand. group. (2) It was observed that cellulose group showed lower F.E.R and P.E.R value than non-cellulose group comparatively. (3) Total nitrogen retention and retention rate were decreaced in H. CHP groups compared with M. CHO or L. CHO groups. (4) The amount of feces was increased due to addition of cellulose to experimental diets and in accordance with the increasing total fecal excretion of nitrogen and glucose was also increased, especially noticeable in fecal glucose excretion. (5) It was noteworthy that serum cholesterol level was decreased due to addition of cellulose in H. CHO group and L. CHO group. (6) M. CHO+Cell. group was designed to reflect the average survey data of Korean diets and there was no significant differences on body weight gained, F.E.R, P.E.R, total nitrogen retention and hematology between M. CHO+Cell. and Stand. group. Total glucose excretion was increased due to dietary cellulose in M. CHO+Cell. group, but it seemed to be no metabolic problems in this group.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.78-88
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• 1985

Nitrogen fertilizer effectiveness on rice production was studied to evaluate the different forms and sources. Seven kind of nitrogen fertilizers were applied in two levels, 15 and 30 kg per 10a on Jinjubyeo (Japonica type) in silt loam paddy soil of pot cultivation. The results were summerized as follows; 1. pH in soils was decreased with enhancement of ammonium sulfate application in $NH_4-N$, but it was increased with times after nitric-acid application and PH change in soil was not remarkable when $NO_3-N$ with accessory component was applied. 2. $NH_4-N$ contents in soil were the lowest at 2 weeks after application in N 15kg/10a regardless of different sources of nitrogen fertilizer. $NO_3-N$, in N 30kg/10a, was decreased continuously until 4 weeks, while $NH_4-N$, Urea-N were at minimum during 2-3 weeks. 3. Growth of culm length and straw weight applied with AN (Ammonium Nitrate), AS (Ammonium Sulfate) and urea were superior to the form of nitrate. While NA (Nitric Acid), PN (Potassium Nitrate) and CN (Calcium Nitrate) plot of the $NO_3-N$ was the dominant fertilizers for root elongation. 4. Brown rice yields were increased dominantly by $NH_4-N$ application such as AS or AP than $NO_3-N$ pot. But the yields in case of $NO_3-N$ application CN, PN and NA were decreased. 5. N, P, Mg and Mn content of straw ranked the effectiveness of nitrogen forms as $NH_4-N$, Urea-N and $NH_4-N+NO_3-N$, while K, Ca and $SiO_2$ content of straw in $NO_3-N$ fertilizer plot were high while N, P, Mg, Mn, Fe and Mg were low. 6. Increament of nitrogen absorption in straw was stimulated by enhancement of phosphorous absorption and the growth and yield of rice plant were increased. Absorption of N, P, Ca and Mg was decreased by CN application. Absorption of N, P and Mg also was decreased by $NO_3-N$ application and N, P, Mg or Ca content were seemed to simulated the growth and yield of rice plant. 7. $SiO_2$, Zn and Fe contents of the root at harvest stage were higher than those of the straw. N, P, Mg, Mn, Zn and Fe contents were high in $NH_4-N$ and Urea treatment. While K, ca and $SiO_2$ contents, however, were high in $NO_3-N$ treatment.