• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.109-118
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• 2006

Various indirect power cycle options for a helium cooled gas cooled fast reactor (GFR) with particular focus on a supercritical $CO_2(SCO_2)$ indirect cycle are investigated as an alternative to a helium cooled direct cycle GFR. The balance of plant (BOP) options include helium-nitrogen Brayton cycle, supercritical water Rankine cycle, and $SCO_2$ recompression Brayton power cycle in three versions: (1) basic design with turbine inlet temperature of $550^{\circ}C$, (2) advanced design with turbine inlet temperature of $650^{\circ}C$ and (3) advanced design with the same turbine inlet temperature and reduced compressor inlet temperature. The indirect $SCO_2$ recompression cycle is found attractive since in addition to easier BOP maintenance it allows significant reduction of core outlet temperature, making design of the primary system easier while achieving very attractive efficiencies comparable to or slightly lower than, the efficiency of the reference GFR direct cycle design. In addition, the indirect cycle arrangement allows significant reduction of the GFR &proximate-containment& and the BOP for the $SCO_2$ cycle is very compact. Both these factors will lead to reduced capital cost.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.341-350
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• 2007

본 연구는 목초 사일리지를 기초사료로 급여한 젖소에 있어서 보리와 유채박 급여가 제 3위 소화액 내 soluble non-ammonia nitrogen fractions(SNAN fractions; 아미노산, 펩티드, 용해성 단백질 및 total SNAN)의 flow 패턴변화를 측정하기 위하여 실시하였다. 반추위 캐뉼라가 장착된 4마리 젖소는 4×4 라틴방각법에 의해 기초사료로 grass-red clover silage를 자유급여하여 사일리지 단독급여구(GS), 기초사료 + 보리6.0kg/d 급여구, 기초사료 + 유채박2.1kg/d 급여구 및 기초사료 + 보리6.0kg/d + 유채박2.1kg/d 급여구로 배치하였다. 제 3위 소화액은 제 3위 소화액 채취기구를 이용하여 사료급여 후 1.5h 간격으로 채취하였고, 그 소화액 내 SNAN fractions 정량은 ninhydrin assay를 이용하여 분석하였다. 보충사료 급여는 GS구에 비해 비록 통계학적 유의성은 없었지만 total SNAN flow를 증가시켰다. 제 3위 소화액 내 펩티드 flow 패턴은 12시간 feeding cycle 내내 SNAN fractions 중 양적으로 가장 높았으며, GS구에 비해 보충사료급여구에서 높은 펩티드 flow 패턴을 보였다. GS구를 제외한 보충사료처리구간에는 SNAN fractions flow 패턴 차이가 없었다. 15N을 이용하여 분석된 사료유래 SNAN fractions flow 패턴에서는 보충사료급여구가 GS구에 비해 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과 제 3위로 유입되는 펩티드 flow는 전체 SNAN flow 중 양적으로 가장 중요한 N 이며, 보충사료 급여 시 그 펩티드 flow의 증가 가능성을 시사한다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.100-105
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• 2017

Various methods for assessing soil total nitrogen (TN) and inorganic N content have been developed to manage nutrient and to understand N cycle in soil. This paper address the technical procedures in arable soil samples to conduct soil sampling, sample preparation, and measuring total N and inorganic N. Among various methods for measuring soil total nitrogen contents, Kjeldahl distillation and Indophenol blue method have widely used due to reliability and economic advances. Also, two methods can analyze more samples at the same time compared with other nitrogen measuring methods. For evaluating inorganic N content, mainly in forms of nitrate-N ($NO_3{^-}-N$) and ammonium-N ($NH_4{^+}-N$), extraction with a single reagent such as 2M KCl has been employed, followed by Kjeldahl distillation or indophenol blue methods.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.497-503
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• 2008

The Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic(OSA) process is a modified activated sludge processes for sludge reduction. It is evaluated that the sludge production in OSA process can decrease to 88% because of biomass decay and kinetic parameter($Y_H$ 0.237mgVSS/mgCOD, $b_H$ $0.195d^{-1}$) in anaerobic reactor, when compared with CAS process. However, it has problems caused by sludge reduction such as increase of nutrient loading. In case that the anoxic condition through the introduction of the intermittent aeration for the enhancement of nitrogen removal ability build up and enough rbCOD is suppled, maximum 88% of nitrogen is removed in the OSA process. If the OSA process optimizing the intermittent aeration cycle is applied to the separate sewage system with high rbCOD fraction, it can be converted to advanced process in terms of the sludge reduction and nitrogen removal, simultaneously.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the International Welding/Joining Conference-Korea
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• pp.38-42
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• 2002

HAZ(Heat Affected Zone of weldm ents) properties were investigated for a high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel with a chemical composition of Fe-0.02C-0.15Si-6.00Mn-10.0Ni-23.0Cr-2.00Mo-0.48N-0.14V. Thermal cycle of HAZ was simulated by the thermal cycle simulator (Gleeble 1500). The heat treatment was applied to the Charpy test size sample without notch under various peak temperatures and/or the holding times condition. V-notch Charpy test was performed at the temperature range of 273~77 K. Metallographic examination also was carried out by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The simulated specimens revealed a slight embrittlement compared with the base materials. The impact toughness of the specimens deteriorated with the decreasing test temperature. The results from Charpy V-notch test, however, showed that significant degradation of absorbed energy caused by brittle fracture was not observed for the specimen tested in the test temperature range.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.435-440
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• 2002

A pilot scale SBR (effective volume, $20m^3$) for the treatment of piggery wastewater treatment was performed with three different kinds of wastewater; fermenter effluent, scraper type and slurry type. The react phase in SBR was performed by sub-cycle operation consisting of repeated short cycle of anoxic-aerobic step. The fermenter effluent was characterized by the rapid nitrification and $NO_X-N$ accumulation due to depletion of organic matter in wastewater. The scraper type wastewater showed appropriate nitrogen removal efficiency, however, a poor response capacity for high loading rate often resulted in increased nitrogen concentration in effluent. Moreover, severe P release was the most serious problem in scraper type wastewater. SBR treated slurry type wastewater with high nitrogen removal efficiency to satisfy effluent quality requirement. It was thought that high concentration of organic matter in slurry made it possible to uptake P during SBR operation, where P concentration of 140mgP/l was decreased to 8mgP/l. As results, SBR was suitable to treat slurry type wastewater which has been discharged to the ocean till now.

• 청정기술
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.217-223
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• 2006

벤젠이 흡착질인 흡착공정에서 질소에 혼합된 수증기를 사용하여 탈착하는 방법을 사용할 때 탈착단계의 조업변수 영향을 실험적으로 살펴보았다. 탈착단계가 끝난 뒤 수증기를 제거하기 위한 건조단계의 유무가 흡착제의 재생효과에 어떻게 작용하는지 확인하였다. 흡착제 재생후의 파과곡선을 관찰함으로써 건조단계에서 건조시간의 변화에 따라 흡착제의 재생결과가 어떻게 달라지는지를 알아보았다. 수증기 탈착단계에서는 탈착시 혼합가스의 질소가스량이 고정된 상태에서 수증기량의 증가함에 따라 흡착제의 재생효율이 좋음을 볼 수 있었다. 그러나 질소가스량이 커지게 되면 수증기 효과는 줄어들었다. 따라서 질소의 양과 수증기 양을 경제적인 관점에서 비교하면서 최적의 수증기양을 예측하는 것이 가능할 것이다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2023

In this study, changes in biofloc-related and pathogenic bacteria in both low and high concentration biofloc breeding water planted with the halophyte (Triglochin maritimum were investigated). In the low-concentration biofloc breeding water, the ratio of bacteria related to the nitrogen cycle was initially 59.57% and, it decreased to 26.57% at the end of the experiment while other bacteria (excluding nitrogen-cycling bacteria and vibrios) increased from 38.75% to 73.43%. However, the planted experimental group maintained a relatively high ratio of nitrogen cycling bacteria at 58%. In the high-concentration experimental group, bacteria related to the initial nitrogen cycle, non-pathogenic vibrios, and pathogenic vibrios were 11.60, 36.28, and 20.14%, respectively. Finally, nitrogen-cycling bacteria were 36.47% in the control group and 37.55% in the planted group. The total number of vibrios decreased by 46.54% in the planted group and 48.01% in the control group, indicating a significant decrease in both experimental groups. However, the residual rate of pathogenic vibrios was 4.48% in the control group and 0.54% in the planted group. Overall, the planted group showed decreasing harmful bacteria and increasing useful bacteria.

• 센서학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2016

We devised a method to control the temperature of a liquid bath as low as $-100^{\circ}C$ using the duty cycle control of a solenoid valve. The solenoid valve controls the flow of liquid nitrogen that we used as a cryogen in this system. By controlling the duty cycle of a solenoid valve using feedback from the measured temperature of the liquid bath, we were able to achieve temperature stability within ${\pm}19mK$ around $-100^{\circ}C$. We also demonstrated that by taking average values of the temperature readings for sequence of measurements from more than one thermometer, it is possible to use this system for the calibration of thermometers within 3 mK. This system and the control method can be used for the precise temperature control in the range between $0^{\circ}C$ and $-100^{\circ}C$, where commercially available precision baths are much expensive and hard to be built in customized configurations.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.87-98
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• 2022

This study aims to prepare a technical protocol for identifying the source of nitrate in water using nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) stable isotope ratios. The technical processes for nitrate sources identification are composed of site investigation, sample collection and analysis, isotope analysis, source identification using isotope characteristics, and source apportionment for multiple potential sources with the Bayesian isotope mixing model. Characteristics of various nitrate potential sources are reviewed, and their typical ranges of δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O are comparatively analyzed and summarized. This study also summarizes the current knowledge on the dual-isotope approach and how to correlate the field-relevant information such as land use and hydrochemical data to the nitrate source identification.