• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.74-80
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• 2008

Removal of nitrogen compound under nitrification related with denitrification by biofilm which developed on the porous media was investigated. With the investigation of $NH_4-N$ nitrification and autotrophic denitrification supplied with sulfur media as electron donor, conclusions were retrieved as follows. When $F/M_N$ ratio of $NH_4-N$ was increased from $0.0062-0.034gNH_4-N/g\;MLVSS{\cdot}day$ by the change of influent concentration and HRT the nitrification rate decreased as the increase of loading rate. Also under the same conditions of $F/M_N$ ratio, the alkalinity consumption rate of operation was higher at 8 hours of HRT than at 6 hours of HRT. Accordingly the influent loading rate variation by detention time with influent flow influenced more on the nitrification efficiency than the influent loading rate variation by the influent concentration did. Denitrification rate with various EBCT(Empty Bed Contact Time) showed average 25% at 8.4hrs of EBCT but sharply decreased average 5% at 4.6hrs of EBCT, so the operation would be more effective at above 8.4hrs of EBCT. Also denitrification rate was known to be adversely increased as $NO_3-N$ loading rate per unit volume of sulfur-media was decreased within the range of $0.5{\sim}2.0kgNO_3-N/m^3{\cdot}day$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2006

The combined ADEPT(Anaerobic Digestion Elutriated Phased Treatment)-SHARON(Single reactor system for High Ammonium Removal Over nitrite)-ANAMMOX(Anaerobic ammonium oxidation) processes were operated for resources recovery and nitrogen removal from slurry-type piggery waste. The ADEPT process operated at an acidogenic loading rates of 3.95 gSCOD/L-day, the SCOD elutriation rate and acid production rate were 5.3 gSCOD/L-day and 3.3 gVFAs(as COD)/L-day, respectively. VS reduction and SCOD reduction by the hydrolysis were 13% and 0.19 $gSCOD_{prod.}/gVS_{feeding}$, respcetively. Also, the acid production rate was 0.80 $gVFAs/gSCOD_{prod}$. In methanogenic reactor, the gas production rate and methane content were 2.8 L/day($0.3m^3CH_4/kgCOD_{removal}@STP$) and 77%, respectively. With these operating condition, the removals of nitrogen and phosphorus were 94.1% as $NH_4-N$(86.5% as TKN) and 87.3% as T-P respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1148-1154
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• 2012

A novel two-phase anaerobic treatment technology was developed to treat high-concentration organic cassava bioethanol wastewater. The start-up process and contribution of organics (COD, total nitrogen, and $NH_4^+$-N) removal in spatial succession of the whole process and spatial microbial diversity changing when sampling were analyzed. The results of the start-up phase showed that the organic loading rate could reach up to $10kg\;COD/m^3d$, with the COD removal rate remaining over 90% after 25 days. The sample results indicated that the contribution of COD removal in the pre-anaerobic and anaerobic phases was 40% and 60%, respectively, with the highest efficiency of 98.5%; TN and $NH_4^+$-N had decreased to 0.05 g/l and 0.90 g/l, respectively, and the mineralization rate of total nitrogen was 94.8%, 76.56% of which was attributed to the anaerobic part. The microbial diversity changed remarkably among different sample points depending on the physiological characteristics of identified strains. Moraxellaceae, Planococcaceae, and Prevotellaceae were dominant in the pre-anaerobic phase and Bacteroidetes, Campylobacterales, Acinetobacter, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, and Bacillus for the anaerobic phase. Methanosarcinaceae and Methanosaeta were the two main phylotypes in the anaerobic reactor.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 1994

This study was conducted to develop a new RBC process available for the effective removal of organic matters and nitrogen in sewage. The RBC process for the oxidation organic compounds and nitrification was designed to occur at the 1st-stage and next-stage RBC respectively. Then nitrified water was recycled to the denitrifying RBC located at the lower part of the 1st-stage RBC. Some results were summarized as follows. 1. The loading limitation was represented as $60g{\cdot}COD/gm^2/day$ in experiment of simultaneous removal of organic matter and nitrogen. The maxmum COD % removal was 85% at the load $35g{\cdot}COD/m^2/day$. 2. The $NO_3-N$ % removal was approximately 80% at the load $60g{\cdot}COD/m^2/day$ and the maximum $NO_3-N$ remaval rate was $3.9g{\cdot}COD/m^2/day$ and the overall C/N ratio of 11.0 as required to achive 80% of $NO_3-N$% removal. 3.$NO_3-N$ removal rate was rapidly decreased above the load $7g{\cdot}NH_4{^+}-N/m^2/day$ and the maximum $NO_3-N$ removal rate was $3.7g{\cdot}NO_3-N/m^2/day$. 4. Irrespective of the recycle ratio, the COD % removal at the system of 2-stage RBC unit was nearly constant as 89% while the maximum one in the 1st-stage unit was 77% in the case of 50% recycle. 5. The maximum COD % removal in the 3-stage RBC system was 93% while 1st-stage one being 80%, under the $NH_4{^+}-N$ load of $7.4g/m^2{\cdot}d$. Also maximum percentage of nitrification and denitrification was 69% and 41% respectively, under the same $NH_4{^+}-N$ load.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.711-719
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• 2006

The effluent from anaerobic digestion process of slurry-type piggery waste has a characteristic of very low C/N ratio. Because of high nitrogen content, it is necessary to evaluate nitrogen removal alternative rather than conventional nitrification-denitrification scheme. In this study, two parallel treatment schemes of SBR-like partial nitritation reactor coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor, and a nitritation reactor followed by nitrite denitrification process were evaluated with a slurry-type piggery waste. The feed to reactors adjusted with various $NH_4-N$ and organics concentration. The nitrite accumulation was successfully accomplished at the loading rate of about $1.0kgNH_4-N/m^3-day$. The $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ ratio 1~2.6 in nitritated effluent that operated at HRT of 1 day indicated that SBR-like partial nitritation was applicable to ANAMMOX operation. Meanwhile, the nitrite accumulation of 87% was achieved at SBR operated with HRT of 3 days and $0.4mgO_2/L$ for denitritation. Experimental results further suggested that HRT (SRT) and free ammonia(FA) rather than DO are an effective control parameter for nitrite accumulation in piggery waste.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.91-103
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• 1998

Design data for COD and nitrogen removal from wastewater were collected from Pilot's Multi-stage Bio-reactor. Hyraulic conditions and pollutant loadings were varied in order to optimize the biological and operational parameters. Pilot's experimental results summarize as followings. 1. T-N removal efficiency in the organic volumetric loading 0.2 kgCOD/m$^{3}$·d was obtained as maxium of 85% at internal recycle ratio 2.5 and in more ratio than this it was decreased. Organic removal efficiency was about 91% under the overall experimental conditions and not influenced by recycle ratio.. 2. Nitrification reaction was shown as maxium in the SCOD$_{cr}$/NH$^{+}$-N ratio of 6.5 and in more ratio than this it was decreased. Denitrification rate was the maxium as 85% in more than 7.5 of SCOD$_{cr}$/NO$_{x}$-N ratio and in the ratio over this ratio it becomes constant. 3. By utilizing an applied new model of Stover-Kincannon from Monod's kinetic model, concentration of T-N in the effluent according to flow quanity in the influent was estimated as 8.74 and -67.5 respectively. The formula for estimating T-N concentration of effluent was obtained like this: N$_e$=N$_0$(1- $\frac{8.74}{(QN$_0$/A)-67.05}$)

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.13-17
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• 2005

For the SAT modeling system considering the reaction module which consists of nitrification, denitrification and organic oxidation, an imaginary cross-sectional 2-dimensional model simulation was carried out to analyze the sensitivity of the model. Four parameters, such as hydraulic conductivity, source water loading rate, ground surface pavement and operation schedule, were considered for the sensitivity analysis. Most factors considered in model development step were well reflected in the simulation results.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.54-61
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• 1999

SBR process used to evaluate the removal of organics, nitrogen and phosphorus on the basis of a report of research on a precedence at various operation cycle and condition change. Effluent concentration of COD were 50mg/l, 50mg/l, 90mg/l respectively, The removal rates of COD were nearly over 95% at Run 1, 2 and 4. But at Run 3, Effluent concentration of COD was 255.0mg/l, The removal rate of COD was 87% at Run 3. As Oxic/Anoxic rate was fixed and operating cycle of Oxic/Anoxic was changed, the removal rates of T-N were 74.7%, 46.9%, 28.5%, 63.3% respectively at Run 1~4. The case of Run 1 was best result. The removal rates of T-P was appeared in proportion to T-N removal rates and rest of $NO_2-N$. The removal rates of T-P were 51.2%, 35.5%, 41.5%, 51.9% respectively. The removal rates of COD, T-N, T-P were influenced on the change of SBR operation cycle. As organic loading rate was $1.43kgCOD/m^3day$ and C/N ratio was 3.0, operation cycle of Run 1 was best condition of T-N removal rates and T-P removal.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.502-509
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• 2010

In this study, the (phosphorous removal) the characteristics of phosphorous removal due to (the iron compound precipitated) iron compound precipitation by iron electrolysis in (the anoxic. oxic process) anoxic and oxic processes (equipped with the) in an iron precipitation device were analyzed. During the device operation period, the average concentration of BOD, T-N, and T-P were 219.9 mg/l, 54.6 mg/l and 6.71 mg/l, respectively. The BOD/$COD_{Cr}$ ratio was 0.74, and the BOD/T-N and BOD/T-P ratios were 4.0 and 32.8, respectively. The removal rate of (the organic matters) organic matter (BOD and $COD_{Cr}$) was very high at 91.6% or higher, and that of nitrogen was 80.5%. The phosphorous concentration (of the final) in the treated water was 0.43 mg/l (0.05-0.74 mg/l) on average, and the removal efficiency was high at 90.8%. The soluble T-P concentrations in (an) the anoxic reactor, oxic reactor (II) and final treated water were 1.99 mg/l, 0.79 mg/l and 0.43 mg/l, respectively, which indicated that the phosphorous concentration in the treated water was very low. Regardless of the changes in the concentrations of (organic matters) organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorous in the influent, the quality of the treated water was relatively stable and high. The removal rate of T-P somewhat increased with the increase in the F/M ratio in the influent, and it also linearly increased in proportion to the T-P loading rate in the influent. In the treatment process used in this study, phosphorous was removed (using) by the precipitated iron oxide. Therefore, the consumption of organic (matters) matter for biological phosphorus removal was minimized and (most of the organic matters were) was mostly used as the organic carbon source for the denitrification in the anoxic reactor. This (can be an economic) treatment process (without the need for the supply of additional organic matters) is economic and does not require the supply of additional organic matter.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.90-102
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• 2017

In this study, various types of nutrient models were tested by using two tears's water quality data collected from the stormwater wetland in Korea. Based on results, most important factor influencing nitrogen removal was hydraulic loading rate, which indicates that surface area of wetland is more important than its volumetric capacity, and model proposed by WEF was found to give a least error between measured and calculated values. For the phosphorus, in case assuming a power relationship between rate constant and temperature, the best prediction result were obtained, but temperature was most sensitive parameter affecting phosphorus removal. In addition, denitrification was always a limiting step for the nitrogen removal in this particular wetland mostly due to the lack of carbon source and high dissolved oxygen concentration. In this paper, several alternatives to improve nitrogen removal, including proper arrangement and designation of wetland elements and use of floating plants or synthetic fiber mat to control oxygen level and to capture the algal particles were proposed and discussed.