• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.513-517
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extracts from Perilla frutescens var. acuta by varying the concentration of ethanol at 30, 50, 70, and 90% to utilize the effective extract of Perilla frutescens as a cosmetic and pharmaceutical material. In the DPPH antioxidant activity test, the 70% ethanol extract showed the highest activity with an IC50 of 680.98ppm. ABTS showed a high activity in the 50% ethanol extract and the 70% ethanol extract with an IC50 of 646.94 and 661.94 ppm, respectively. Each ethanol extract showed antioxidant activity at a certain concentration (100-10000 ppm), but did not show any significant relationship with the ethanol extract concentration. In RAW 264.7 macrophages induced by LPS, each of the ethanol extracts showed reduced NO production in all extracts, and more than 50% ethanol extract (10000ppm) inhibited nitric oxide formation by 85% or more. In particular, the 70% ethanol extract showed 90% or more nitric oxide production inhibition. In addition, the MTT assay showed no cytotoxicity at all concentrations (1250-10000 ppm) of each extract. In this study, the ethanol extract of Perilla frutescens var. acuta has antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity that is dependent on the concentration at each extraction concentration.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.54-63
• /
• 2013

Ginsenoside Rd is a primary constituent of the ginseng rhizome and has been shown to participate in the regulation of diabetes and in tumor formation. Reports also show that ginsenoside Rd exerts anti-oxidative effects by activating anti-oxidant enzymes. Treatment with ginsenoside Rd decreased nitric oxide and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-challenged RAW264.7 cells and in ICR mouse livers (5 mg/kg LPS; LPS + ginsenoside Rd [2, 10, and 50 mg/kg]). Furthermore, these decreases were associated with the down-regulations of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and of nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ activity in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that ginsenoside Rd treatment decreases; 1) nitric oxide production (40% inhibition); 2) $PGE_2$ synthesis (69% to 93% inhibition); 3) NF-${\kappa}B$ activity; and 4) the NF-${\kappa}B$-regulated expressions of iNOS and COX-2. Taken together, our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of ginsenoside Rd are due to the down-regulation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and the consequent expressional suppressions of iNOS and COX-2.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.190-197
• /
• 2005

Advanced glycation end products (AGE) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications including nephropathy. However, the role of AGE in the activation of mesangial cells cultured under high glucose has not been elucidated. The effects of aminoguanidine, which prevents formation of AGE and protein cross-linking, on the synthesis of $TGF-{\beta}1$ and fibronectin by rat mesangial cells cultured under high glucose for 2 weeks were examined and compared with the effects of $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (NAME), a selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, because aminoguanidine also inhibits the inducible nitric oxide synthase. Culture of mesangial cells in 30 mM (high) glucose for 2 weeks induced 1.5-fold (ELISA) and 1.9-fold (Western blot analysis) increase in AGE in the culture media compared to 5.6 mM (control) glucose. Northern blot analysis revealed 1.5-fold increase in $TGF-{\beta}1$ and 1.7-fold increase in fibronectin mRNA expression in cells cultured under high glucose compared to control glucose. Increases in mRNA expression were followed by increased protein synthesis. Mink lung epithelial cell growth inhibition assay revealed 1.4-fold increase in $TGF-{\beta}1$ protein in high glucose media compared to control. Fibronectin protein also increased 2.1-fold that of control glucose by Western blot analysis. Administration of aminoguanidine suppressed AGE formation in a dose dependent manner and at the same time suppressed $TGF-{\beta}1$ and fibronectin synthesis by mesangial cells cultured in both control and high glucose. In contrast, NAME did not affect high glucose-induced changes. These findings support a role for AGE in high glucose-induced upregulation of $TGF-{\beta}1$ and fibronectin synthesis by mesangial cells.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.416-425
• /
• 2009

Angiogenesis is important for promoting cardiovascular disease, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. We here investigated the pharmacological effects of Korea red ginseng water extract (KRGE) on angiogenesis and its underlying signal mechanism. This study showed that KRGE increased in vitro proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical endothelial cells, as well as stimulated in vivo angiogenesis. KRGE-induced angiogenesis was accompanied by phosphorylation of ERK1/2, Akt, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) as well as an increase in NO production. Inhibition of PI3K activity by wortmannin completely inhibited KRGE-induced angiogenesis and phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, and eNOS, indicating that PI3K/Akt activation is an upstream event of KRGE-mediated angiogenic pathway. The MEK inhibitor PD98059 completely blocked KRGE-induced angiogenesis and ERK phosphorylation without affecting Akt and eNOS activation. However, the eNOS inhibitor NMA effectively inhibited tube formation, but partially blocked proliferation and migration as well as ERK phosphorylation without altering Akt and eNOS activation, revealing that eNOS/NO pathway is in part involved in ERK1/2 activation. This study first demonstrated the critical involvement of both ERK1/2 and eNOS activation in KRGE-induced angiogenesis, which lie on downstream of PI3K/Akt. Thus, these results indicate that KRGE requires activation of both the PI3K/Akt-dependent ERK1/2 and eNOS signal pathways and their cross-talk for its full angiogenic activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.99-105
• /
• 2004

Isoflavones have been a central subject in research on the natural phytoestrogens found in Leguminosae. Their effects on bone formation and remodeling are important in that they can act like estrogen by binding on estrogen receptors on the target cell surface. We, therefore, believed that isoflavones may help in the treatment of patients with estrogen deficiency disease such as estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) for osteoporosis. As commonly known, osteoporosis is one of the hormonal deficiency diseases, especially in menopausal women. When estrogen is no longer produced in the body a remarkable bone remodeling process occurs, and the associated events are regulated by growth factors in the osteoblast lineage. In the present study, we investigated whether isoflavones (Isocal) extracted from Sophorae fructus affect the growth factors IGF-I and TGF-$\beta$ that have been known to be related with bone formation. In the study, we found that the active control (PIII) effectively enhanced the level of nitric oxide (NO) and growth factors, and thereby inhibited osteoclastogenesis. The most efficient concentration was $10^{-8}$% within five days, whereas the comparative control (soybean isoflavone) was not as effective even at a lower concentration. In conclusion, the products which contain enriched glucosidic isoflavone and nutrient supplements such as shark cartilage and calcium can be used for osteoporosis therapy by enhancing the production of IGF-I and TGF-$\beta$. Furthermore, the NO produced through endothelial constitutive NO synthase (ecNOS) may playa role in inhibiting bone reabsorption.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.330-335
• /
• 2005

We have investigated the effects of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi- ang on the differentiation of murine bone marrow cells in methylcellulose culture. GM-CSF and IL-3 supported primarily the formation of granulocyte/mac-rophage colony formation. However, the addition of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang extract yielded a significant increase in the numbers of colonies and differentiated cells in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-3. We have analyzed CD11b (Mac-1) expression of differentiated cells from bone marrow by staining with monoclonal anti-CD11b antibody. The majority of colony-forming cells were in CD11b/sup +/ population. Also Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang extract promoted the production of IL-6 and nitric oxide by macrophages. These results demonstrate that extract of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang, a prescription of traditional oriental medicine, is effective in supporting macrophage potential of the primary colonies.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.211-220
• /
• 2018

Nitric oxide (NO) has an important role in oocyte maturation and embryonic development in mammals. This study examined the effect of exogenous NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) in a maturation medium on meiotic progression and embryonic development after parthenogenesis (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pigs. When oocytes were exposed to $0.1{\mu}M$ SNAP for first 22 h of in vitro maturation (IVM) in Experiment 1, SNAP significantly improved blastocyst development in both defined and standard follicular fluid-supplemented media compared to untreated control (48.4 vs. 31.7-42.5%). SNAP treatment significantly arrested meiotic progression of oocytes at the germinal vesicle stage at 11 h of IVM (61.2 vs. 38.7%). However, there was no effect on meiotic progression at 22 h of IVM (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, when oocytes were treated with SNAP at 0.001, 0.1 and $10{\mu}M$ during the first 22 h of IVM to determine a suitable concentration, $0.1{\mu}M$ SNAP (54.2%) exhibited a higher blastocyst formation than 0 and $10{\mu}M$ SNAP (36.6 and 36.6%, respectively). Time-dependent effect of SNAP treatment was evaluated in Experiment 4. It was observed that SNAP treatment for the first 22 h of IVM significantly increased blastocyst formation compared to no treatment (57.1% vs. 46.2%). Antioxidant effect of SNAP was compared with that of cysteine. SNAP treatment significantly improved embryonic development to the blastocyst stage (49.1-51.5% vs. 34.4-37.5%) irrespective of the presence or absence of cysteine (Experiment 5). Moreover, SNAP significantly increased glutathione (GSH) content and inversely decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and mitochondrial oxidative activity in IVM oocytes. SNAP treatment during IVM showed a stimulating effect on in vitro development of SCNT embryos (Experiment 7). These results demonstrates that SNAP improves developmental competence of PA and SCNT embryos probably by maintaining the redox homeostasis through increasing GSH content and mitochondrial quality and decreasing ROS in IVM oocytes.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.113-124
• /
• 2012

The oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein(LDL) has been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL(oxLDL) is captured into macrophage and stimulates to form macrophage foam cell. And it can induce an inflammation and smooth muscle proliferation in atherosclerotic plaque. Objective : In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of Bupleuri radix(SH) on the foam cell formation, a critical initiation stage of atherosclerosis. Methods : To achieve the goal, we examined the effect of SH on LDL oxidation, nitric oxide production in RAW264.7, and the effect of SH on cupuric sulfate-induced cytotoxicity, LDH release, and macrophage activity. Results : SH inhibited the formation of oxidized LDL from native LDL in RAW264.7 cell culture, and decreased the release of LDH from cupric sulfate-stimulated RAW264.7 cell. In other experiments, SH activated RAW264.7 cell, and prolonged the survival time, and inhibited foam cell formation induced by oxLDL in Raw 264.7 cells. Conclusion : These results showed that SH might prevent atherosclerosis by controlling the early stages of foam cell formation.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.203-212
• /
• 2003

Objective : As a link in chain of research to confirm the oriental medical prescription which has the anti-atherosclerosis effects, this research evaluated the effects on the macrophage-related factors by using KanghwalSokdantang(KS). Methods : In order to perform this research, we have evaluated the effects on the oxLDL formation from the macrophages, the nitric oxide formation, and the oxidation of macrophages. Thus, with this evaluation, we have investigated the applicapability on the artherosclerosis. Results : KanghwalSokdantang has showed a noticeable reduction of protein oxidation in the process of oxLDL formation, has remarkably restrained phospholipid peroxidation, an index to estimated the phospholipid oxidation and reduction that are formed in the process of macrophage's oxLDL formation, and has increased the nitrite concentration noticeably in the LDL-dealing macrophages. By increasing the survival rate of macrophages, KanghwalSokdantang has restrained the cellular damages. KanghwalSokdantang is ineffective on the LDH outflow from damaged cells. $1{\mu}g/ml$ KanghwalSokdantang sample has increased acid phosphatase activity remarkably. Conclusion : KanghwalSokdantang has the possibility to be used in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, which is formed by the oxLDL formation of macrophages.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.151-162
• /
• 2012

Four kinds of marketing black garlics (A, B, C and D products) from Namhae were analysed the antioxidant, nitrite scavenging activities and inhibition of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation. Total pyruvate and thiosulfate contents were higher in the black garlics than fresh garlic, and their contents were the highest in B product. Total phenol and flavonoids contents in the water and 80% ethanol extracts from black garlics were higher in water than ethanol extract, and all black garlics were higher than fresh garlic. And these contents of A product were somewhat higher compared to the others. Antioxidant activities, such as DPPH, ABTs, hydroxyl and nitric oxide radical scavenging showed stronger in water than ethanol extracts. And their activities in all products of black garlic were higher than the extracts of fresh garlic, and their activities of A and B products were similar to each other. In pH 2.5, nitrite scavenging activity and inhibition of NDMA formation were stronger in the black garlics than fresh garlic, and A product was the highest. Moreover, inhibition of NDMA formation from black garlic showed similar trends compared to the antioxidant activities. Therefore, we expect that the black garlic will contribute to the inhibition of carcinogenesis in vivo.