• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.330-340
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• 2014

Coprinellus micaceus, belongs to family Psathyrellaceae of Agaricales, Basidiomycota, has been used for edible purposes in the world. This study was initiated to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-cholinesterase, anti-tyrosinase, and nitric oxide inhibitory activities of fruiting bodies from C. micaceus extracted with methanol and hot water. The HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds from the mushroom extracts identified 4 phenolic compounds including procatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, (-)-epicatechin, and naringin. In 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, the scavenging activities of methanol and hot water extracts were lower than that of positive control, BHT. The chelating effects of methanol and hot water extracts were significantly higher than that of BHT, the positive control at the all concentrations tested. In the reducing power assay, methanol and hot water extracts exhibited the lower activities compared with positive control at the 0.125-0.2 mg/ml. The methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom inhibited the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity by 62.26% and 67.59%, respectively at the 2.0 mg/ml, while acarbose, the positive control, inhibited the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity by 81.81% at the same concentration. In the acetylcholinesterase(AChE) inhibitory activity assay, methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom inhibited the AChE by 94.64% and 74.19%, respectively at 1.0 mg/ml, whereas the galanthamine, standard drug, inhibited the AChE activity by 97.80% at the same concentration. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of methanol and hot water extracts were 91.33% and 91.99% at 2.0 mg/ml, while the inhibitory activity of kojic acid, the positive control, was 99.61% at the same concentration. Nitric oxide(NO) production in lipopolysaccahride (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 cells were inhibited by the methanol and hot water extracts in a concentration dependent manner. Therefore, it is concluded that fruiting bodies of C. micaceus contained natural antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase substances which might be used for promoting human health.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.82-86
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• 2008

The fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis have been previously reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, the constituents including geniposide, geniposidic acid, genipin and crocin were evaluated for their effects on prostaglandin and NO production in an attempt to establish anti-inflammatory cellular mechanisms. Among the constituents tested, only genipin significantly inhibited cyclooxygenase-2-mediated $PGE_2$ and inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated NO production from lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells at 10-100 ${\mu}$M. Genipin also inhibited nuclear transcription factor-${\kappa}B$ activation. Moreover, genipin showed in vivo antiinflammatory activity on ${\lambda}$-carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice (10.4-29.9% inhibition at 20-100 mg/kg, i.p.). All of these results suggest that genipin may contribute to anti-inflammatory activity of the fruits of G. jasminoides and an inhibitory action on prostaglandin and NO production is, at least, the part of anti-inflammatory mechanism of genipin.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.89-104
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was undertaken to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity of the extract of Chilgitang herb-acupuncture solution (CHAS). Methods : The radical scavenging capacity was tested by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system, DCFH-DA assay, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite generating system. In addition, antioxidant activity on copper and AAPH mediated human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation was measured by using TBARS assay and relative electrophoretic mobility assay. The amount of total phenolic compounds was assayed by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results : CHAS revealed a potent scavenging activity on DPPH radical(82%), superoxide anions(73%), hydroxyl radical(63%), nitric oxide (99%) and peroxynitrite (99%). Moreover, CHAS showed a strong inhibitory effect (59%) on $FeCl_2$-ascorbic acid induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenate. CHAS also markedly inhibited copper(81%) and AAPH(56%)-mediated LDL oxidation, and effectively suppressed the electrophoretic mobility during exposure of human LDL to copper ions. CHAS (82 mg/g) contained higher concentration of total phenolic compounds than that of water extract (45 mg/g) obtained from Chilgitang. Conclusions : These results indicate that CHAS may protect against ROS- or RNS involved diseases, including cardiovascular diseases.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.176-182
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• 2021

The phytochemical investigation of Broussonetia kazinoki roots led to the isolation of ten compounds, including six flavonoids (1-6), two lignans (7 and 8), and two coumarins (9 and 10) by comparing their ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra with reference values. To the best of our knowledge, compounds 9 and 10 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Among the ten isolates, compounds 2, 4, and 6 exhibited inhibitory effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophage RAW264.7 cells with IC₅₀ values of 11.98, 10.16, and 24.06 μM, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 2, 4, and 6 reduced LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in a dose-dependent manner. Pre-incubation of cells with these compounds also significantly suppressed LPS-induced COX-2 protein expression. Compounds 2, 4, and 6 also showed cytotoxic activity against HL-60 cells with IC₅₀ values ranging between 46.43 and 94.06 μM.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.93-101
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• 2022

Cordyceps militaris mycelium extracts containing high amounts of cordycepin were evaluated in vitro for their anti-inflammatory and tumor cell growth-inhibitory activities. All extracts dose dependently inhibited the increased production of inflammatory mediators including reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and 𝛽-hexosaminidase in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory cells. All extracts were evaluated for anti-proliferative activity against normal RBL-2H3 cells and diverse types of cancer cell lines, including HCT, MC5-7, U-87MG, AGS, and A549 cells. The extract showed the strongest growth inhibition (IC₅₀ = 28.13 ㎍/mL) relative to vehicle-treated control cells against fibrosarcoma (MC5-7). We have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity of C. militaris via inhibition of NO, ROS production, and 𝛽-hexosaminidase release in activated cells. C. militaris mycelium extract was also evaluated mechanistically and found to exert six types of anti-cancer activity, confirming its pharmacological potential. Our study suggests C. militaris use as a potential source of anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents. C. militaris may also be considered a functional food.

• ALGAE
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.239-247
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• 2022

Enzyme-assisted hydrolysis is frequently used as a cost-effective and efficient method to obtain functional ingredients from bioresources. This study involved the enzyme-assisted hydrolyzation and purification of fucoidan from Ecklonia maxima stipe and the investigation of its anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Fucoidans of Viscozyme-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima (EMSFs) harvested in Jeju, Korea. Structural and chemical characterizations were performed using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and monosaccharide analysis. Among fucoidans, EMSF6 was rich in fucose and sulfate and had a similar structural character to commercial fucoidan. EMSF6 showed a strong inhibitory effect on nitric oxide generation in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and significantly decreased the production of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α. The anti-inflammatory potential of EMSF6 was mediated through the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Thus, fucoidans from E. maxima stipe are promising candidates for functional food products.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 2022

Neuroinflammation is known to be associated with brain injury in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the inhibition of microglial activation, a key player in inflammatory response, is considerd as important target for AD. In this study, the ethanol extract of aerial parts of Forsythia velutina Nakai, a Korean native species, significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Thus, the active principles in F. velutina aerial parts were isolated based on activity-guided isolation method. As a result, six compounds were isolated and their structures were elucidated based on NMR data and the comparison with the relevant references as arctigenin (1), matairesinol (2), rengyolone (3), ursolic acid (4), secoisolariciresinol (5), and arctiin (6). Among them, four compounds including arctigenin (1), matairesinol (2), secoisolariciresinol (5), and arctiin (6) significantly inhibited NO production in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, matairesinol (2) and secoisolariciresinol (5) reduced 60% of NO production compared to LPS-treated group. This inhibitory effects of matairesinol (2) and secoisolariciresinol (5) were accompanied with the reduced expression levels of iNOS and COX-2. These results suggest that the extract of F. velutina and its active compounds could be beneficial for neuroinflammatory diseases including AD.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.657-665
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• 2017

This study is for checking the possibility of Lotus Rhizome and node of Lotus Rhizome as cosmetic materials. For this we carried out biological active evaluation about anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-wrinkle by using ethanol extract of Lotus Rhizome and node of Lotus Rhizome. We extracted Lotus Rhizome and node of Lotus Rhizome with 95% ethanol and then in order to evaluate anti-oxidant activity we treated samples by concentrations (100, 500, 1000) ${\mu}g/mL$ and carried out 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and The activity of 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) cation radical scavenging. Also, in order to evaluate effect of anti-wrinkle we carried out evaluation of Elastase inhibitory activity. To evaluate effect of anti-inflammatory we evaluated toxicity of samples through MTT assay with a macrophage (Raw 264.7 cells) and measured nitric oxide production inhibitory activity. As a result, DPPH radical scavenging activity of Lotus Rhizome and node of Lotus Rhizome at $1000{\mu}g/mL$ was 66.7% and 99.5%, respectively and ABTS + radical scavenging activity was 51.2% and 98.3% at the same concentration, respectively. Elastase inhibitory activity results showed that the nodes of the Lotus Rhizom extract excellent anti-wrinkle efficacy than Lotus Rhizom. Node of Lotus Rhizome showed higher anti-wrinkle activity than the positive the control group BHT at $1000{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. According to the result of nitric oxide production inhibitory activity, Lotus Rhizom showed 55.8% effect and nodes of the Lotus Rhizom showed 66.6% effect respectively. This showed that effect of anti-inflammatory was greater in nodes of the Lotus Rhizom extracts. As a result it suggests that Lotus Rhizome and node of Lotus Rhizome extracts can be used as natural substance of cosmetics which are safe in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-wrinkle.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.37 no.4 s.147
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• pp.235-240
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• 2006

We investigated the antioxidant activities such as DPPH radical scavenging capacity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, and superoxide radical scavenging capacity of the aqueous EtOH extract and its solvent fractions of Artemisia scoparia. The ethyl acetate fraction showed high antioxidant activity, compared to positive controls such as ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), trolox, and allopurinol in these assay systems. Moreover, we examined the inhibitory effect of solvent fractions of A. scoparia on the production of pro-inflammatory factors that the nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 $(PGE_2)$ production activated with LPS $(1{\mu}g/ml)$ in murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. The amounts of protein levels were determined by immunoblottting. Tn the sequential fractions of hexane and dichloromethane inhibited the NO and $PGE_2$ production and the protein level of iNOS and COX-2. These results suggest that A. scoparia may have anti-inflammatory activity through the antioxidant activity and inhibition of pro-inflammatory factors.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 2004

Since reactive oxygen species, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide are closely involved in various pathological conditions anti play important roles in the initiation, promotion, and progression of carcinogenesis, agents that modulate the production or activity of them might be considered as cancer chemopreventive agents. In the present study, we evaluated chemopreventive potential of some grape shoot extracts and their refined materials using various in vitro assay systems. As a result, both grape shoot extracts and refined materials possessed effective radical scavenging activities about 70~80% at the concentration of 500 ${\mu}$g/ml, and especially the Sheridan shoot extract showed the most potent 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity that was similar to resveratrol. In addition, refined materials from grape shoot extracts suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in macrophage cells, anti refined materials from Kyoho and Campbell shoot extracts exhibited similar inhibitory activities with $IC_{50}$ value of 224 ${\mu}$g/ml and 285 ${\mu}$g/ml, respectively. In addition, at the concentration of 50 ${\mu}$g/ml, all of refined materials inhibited cell proliferation against various human cancer cells about 30~40% compared to control. These findings suggest that grape shoot extract and their refined materials might be useful sources for the development of chemopreventive agents and/or functional foods.