• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.213-220
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the influence of knowledge, attitude and preventive health behavior of cancer on nicotine dependency in male college students who have a habit of smoking. Methods: In this study, a cross-sectional survey design was adopted for the 254 male college students who smoke in D and S city. The data was analyzed for descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS 20.0 program. Results: Knowledge about lung cancer (${\beta}=-.407$, p<.001), preventive health behaviors about cancer (${\beta}=-.223$, p<.001) and the smoking period ($5years{\leq}$) (${\beta}=.198$, p=.001) were identified as the factors influencing nicotine dependency of the subjects. The model explained 33% of variance in nicotine dependency (F=20.49, p<.001). Conclusion: The results suggest that anti-smoking educators should include the strategies to increase knowledge about lung cancer and preventive health behaviors of cancer, and to reduce the smoking period in their smoking cessation program.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.429-437
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing nicotine dependency among college students intending to quit smoking, and to provide data for the construction of programs that will be successful in helping the students quit smoking. Method: In this study a cross-sectional survey to analyze was used. The data were collected between April 22 and April 24, 2013 from 218 college students who had unsuccessfully tried to quit smoking in the past but were now intending to try and quit smoking again. Data were analyzed using frequency, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA and multiple regression with the SPSS 21.0. Results: Factors influencing nicotine dependency were self-efficacy for smoking abstinence (t=-6.60, p=<.001), length of time since beginning to smoke (t=5.39, p<.001), level of carbon monoxide intake (t=2.38, p=.018), and withdrawal symptoms as reasons why the students failed to quit smoking (t=2.22, p=.028). These 4 variables accounted for 35.0% of the variance with regard to nicotine dependency. Conclusions: To conduct a successful program for students who intend to quit smoking, self-efficacy for smoking abstinence, length of time since beginning to smoke, level of carbon monoxide, and withdrawal symptoms as reasons for failing to quit smoking should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.182-197
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• 1996

For the purpose of examining the relationship between smoking, perceived stress and vulnerability factors, and furthermore suggesting interventions to reduce excessive smoking and prevent nicotine dependency effectively, the questionnaires of perceived stress(stressful experiences), ways of stress coping(passive and active copings), smoking motives, social influence, age, amounts of smoking, and nicotine dependency were administered to smokers among medical students in Chosun university(n=186). 1) As a result of classifying smokers by the types of smoking, the most was a type of smokers to reduce negative emotions and the next in order were addictive smokers, smoker for stimulation, smoker for pleasure, etc. 2) The effects of motive, age, and active coping style were significant, but the effects of perceived stress, passive coping style, and social influence were not significant in average amount of daily smoking. 3) The effects of motive, social influence, and age were significant, but the effects of perceived stress, passive and active coping styles were not significant in the degree of nicotine dependency. To summarize, it is concluded that there were a lot of people who smoke to solve negative emotions, but the direct effects of perceived stress and passive coping style on both average amounts of daily smoking and the degree of nicotine dependency were not significant. On the other hand, motive, age, active coping style, and social influence were proved to be more important variables than the others in explaining college students' smoking.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.2109-2116
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• 2015

This study aimed to identify the influencing factors on nicotine dependency of middle school smokers and to provide the basic data for the effective smoking cessation program. Data were collected from May 3 to July 26 in 2013 by self-reported questionnaires. The subjects of this study were 202 middle school smokers in D city. For data analysis, SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 was used to calculate Percentage, mean, Standard deviation, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Path analysis. The results showed that smoking reinforced factors, social environment factors, self-efficacy and impulsivity were significantly influenced on the nicotine dependency directly and indirectly. Therefore, it is necessary to include intervention of smoking reinforced factors, social environment factors, self-efficacy and impulsivity to develop smoking cessation program for smoking in middle school students.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.219-229
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 8 weeks smoking cessation program(SCP) developed by researchers. Method: One group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The subjects were 88 male university students who consented to participate in the 8 weeks SCP. The SCP in this study consisted of a stop-smoking class, e-mail, SMS(short message service), cellular phone, internet cafe, displayed panel, and patch or acupuncture for quitting smoking. Korean version of questionnaire for nicotine dependency by Ahn et al.(2002), the smoking self-efficacy scale translated by Choi(1999) and subjects' opinion about the SCP were measured. The data were analyzed by using frequency, Chi-Square test, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS WIN 10.1 Program. Results: 1) The rate of quitting smoking was 31.8% after 8 weeks SCP. 2) There was no significant decrease in the nicotine dependency score among smoking subjects after SCP. 3) There was a significant increase in self-efficacy after SCP. The mean score of self -efficacy in the quitting smoking group increased significantly, but did not significantly change in the smoking group. 4) The stop-smoking class was the most helpful among contents of the SCP. Contents of the SCP except for internet cafe were useful for quitting smoking in this study. Conclusion: The above results indicated that the 8 weeks SCP would be a helpful intervention to quit smoking for male university students.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.18
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• pp.7629-7634
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• 2014

Background: Cigarette smokers have their own motivation and justification to smoke. For example, smoking reduces their stress or enhances their pleasure. This study aimed to identify the (a) prevalence of cigarette smokers among undergraduates in Malaysia, (b) gender differences in nicotine dependence among current smokers, (c) differences in psychological problems (depression, anxiety and stress) based on the status of smoking cigarettes (current, former and non-smokers) and (d) extent to which precipitating factors (tension reduction, addiction, automatism, handling, social interaction, pleasure, and stimulation) predict the smoking behavior among current smokers. Materials and Methods: In this study 780 undergraduate students participated from a private university in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor state in Malaysia. The Depression, Stress and Anxiety Scale, Modified Reason for Smoking Scale and Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Test were used to measure psychological problems, predictors of smoking behavior and nicotine dependency among current smokers. Results: The results showed that 14.7%(n=106) of the students were smokers. Current smokers exhibited more psychological problems (depression, anxiety and stress) compared to former and non-smokers. Addiction, tension reduction, pleasure and automatism were predictors of smoking behavior among the current smoking students. Step wise regression analysis showed that smoking behavior was highly predicted by nicotine dependency or addiction. Smoking students were motivated to smoke cigarettes as they believed that it reduced their tension and enhance pleasure. Conclusions: Hence, there is a need for health promotion and anti-tobacco prevention as cigarette smokers experience more psychological problems. Nicotine dependency or addition was one of the major causes for smoking behavior among the student population in Malaysia.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.561-570
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• 2006

Purpose: This study attempted to identify influential variables on smoking temptation between groups: adolescent smokers and adult smokers. Method: A survey was conducted with 376 adolescent smokers in 4 high schools and 451 adult smokers in community settings in South Korea. Univariate statistics and regression were used for data analysis. Result: The most powerful predictor of smoking temptation for adolescent smokers was nicotine dependency. On the other hand, the most powerful predictor of smoking temptation for adult smokers was self-efficacy for smoking abstinence. In the high smoking temptation group, depression and nicotine dependency were the predictors for smoking temptation for adolescent smokers and nicotine dependency and pros for smoking were the predictors for smoking temptation for adult smokers. In the low smoking temptation group, cons for smoking and process of change for smoking abstinence were the predictors on smoking temptation for adolescent smokers and self-efficacy for smoking abstention and pros for smoking were the predictors on smoking temptation for adult smokers. Conclusion: There were different influential variables on smoking temptation according to age groups and level of smoking temptation. Smoking-cessation interventions should be tailored to the level of smoking temptation of the individual smokers.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.68-76
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the level of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in men with Diabetes Mellitus and to examine the relationships among those variables. Method: The subject consisted of 152 adult men with diabetes mellitus. Q-F methods and FTQ was used to measure the level of alcohol consumption and nicotine dependency. The amount of smoking was measured by the number of cigarette packs used per week. Results: Prevalence of drinking was 63.6% and in the current drinkers, 34.4% were heavy drinkers. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 36.2% with a mean of 6.03 packs per week. Twenty percent of the smokers were dependent on nicotine. Subjects who had complications or other diseases drank alcohol more than who had not. There was a positive relationship between the level of smoking and nicotine dependency. Conclusion: Alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking is a serious health problem in men with diabetes. It is necessary to have an educational approach for controlling drinking and smoking in diabetes patients.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of an empowerment program on nicotine dependency, temptation, self-esteem, and depression for adolescents who smoke. Methods: The study design was a quasi-experimental study with a nonequivalent control group, pre-post design. The participants were 49 adolescents who smoked. Twenty-six adolescents were assigned to the experimental group and 23 to the control group. The intervention was conducted twice a week for 6 weeks. Chi-square test, t-test, paired-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to analyze the data. Results: After program, scores for self-esteem (t=5.560, p=.014), were significantly higher and scores for depression (t=-2.111, p=.040) were significantly lower for adolescents in the experimental group compared to adolescents in the control group. Conclusion: The finding indicate that the empowerment group training program was effective in improving self-esteem, and decreasing depression and could be considered as a positive program for smoking cessation for adolescents who smoke.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.225-234
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• 2023

This study verified the effect of a combined forest/thermal therapy (FT/TT) program on participants with depressive symptoms and smoking or alcohol dependence. The participants included 20 people in the experimental group and 18 people in the control group. The experimental group participated in the FT/TT program for 2 nights and 3 days at the National Center for Forest Healing, in Hoengseong (National Hoengseong Supchewon), and a charcoal kiln operated by the Gangwon Charcoal Farming Association. The control group carried out their daily life for the same period. Psychological, physiological, and biochemical tests were conducted to determine the effect of the program. The results showed that there were significant improvements in stress, anxiety, depression, sleep quality, sleep satisfaction, and IL-6 levels. However, no significant difference was found in the cortisol, serotonin and melatonin levels between the experimental and control groups. Thus, the FT/TT therapy had psychological and biochemical effects on individuals with depression and nicotine or alcohol dependency. Further studies should be conducted to verify the effect of forest healing in various conditions.