• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2001

Ti-50Ni(at%) and Ti-40Ni-10Cu(at%) alloy powders have been fabricated by ball milling method, and their microstructure and phase transformation behavior were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractions and transmission electron microscopy. In order to investigate the effect of ball milling conditions on transformation behavior, ball milling speed and time were varied. Ti-50Ni alloy powders fabricated with the milling speed more than 250 rpm were amorphous, while those done with the milling speed of 100rpm were crystalline. In contrast to Ti-50Ni alloy powders, Ti-40Ni-10Cu alloy powders were crystalline, irrespective of ball milling conditions. DSC peaks corresponding to martensitic transformation were almost discernable in alloy powders fabricated with the milling speed more than 250 rpm, while those were seen clearly in alloy powders fabricated with the milling speed of 100 rpm. This was attributed to the fact that a strain energy introduced during ball milling suppressed martensitic transformation.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.72-75
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• 2000

For the purpose of developing the non-stoichiometric Zr-based Laves phase alloy with higher capacity and better performance for electrochemical application, extensive work has been carried out in KAIST. After careful alloy design of $ZrMn_2-based$ hydrogen storage alloys through varing their stoichiometry while susbstituting or adding some alloying elements, the $Zr-Ti-(Lh-V-Ni)_{2.2},\;Zr-Ti-(Mn-V-Cr-Ni)_{1.8\pm0.1}$ with high capacity and better performance was developed. Consequently the $Zr-Ti-(Mn-V-Ni)_{2.2}$ alloy has a high discharge capacity of 394mAh/g and shows a high rate capability equaling to that of commercialized $AB_5$ type alloys. On the other hand, in order to develop the hydrogen storage alloy with higher discharge capacity, the hypo-stoichiometric $Zr(Mn-V-Ni)_{2-\alpha}$ alloys substituted by Ti are under developing. As the result of competitive roles of Ti and $stocihiometry({\alpha})$, the discharge capacity of $Zr-Ti-(Mn-V-Cr-Ni)_{l.8\pm0.1}$ alloys is about 400mAh/g(410 mAh/g, which shows the highest level of performance in the Zr-based alloy developed. Our sequential endeavor is improving the shortcoming of Zr-based Laves phase alloy for commercialization, i.e., poor activation property and low rate capability, etc. It is therefore believed that the commercialization of Zr-based Laves phase hydrogen storage alloy for Ni-MH rechargeable battery is in near future.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.304-308
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• 2002

The new Cu-Zr-Ti-Ni-Pd amorphous alloy system has been introduced and manufactured using melt-spinning and Cu-mold die casting methods. Amorphous formability, the supercooled liquid region before crystallization and mechanical properties of the alloys were examined. The reduced glass transition temperature(Trg = Tg/Tm) and the supercooled liquid region(${\Delta}$Tx = Tx-Tg) of $Cu_{49}Zr_{30}Ti_{10}Ni_5Pb_6$ alloy were 0.620 and 57 K respectively. $Cu_{49}Zr_{30}Ti_{10}Ni_5Pb_6$ amorphous alloy was produced in the rod shape with 2mm diameter using the Cu-mold die casting. The hardness value of the amorphous bulk alloy was 432 DPN.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 1996

Ti-Mn based hydrogen storage alloy were modified by substituting alloying elements such as Zr, V and Ni in order to design a high capacity MH electrode for Ni/MH rechargeable battery. When V was substituted in Ti-Mn binary system, the crystal structure was maintained as $Cl_4$ Laves phase at a composition of $Ti_{0.2}V_{0.4}Mn_{0.4}$ and $Ti_{0.4}V_{0.2}Mn_{0.4}$ and equilibrium pressure decreased below 1 atm without decreasing hydrogen storage capacity considerably. It was found that Ni should be included in Ti-V-Mn alloy in order to hydrogenate it electrochemically in KOH electrolyte. But substitution of Ni for Mn in Ti-V-Mn system caused the increase of equilibrium pressure above 1atm and decrease of hydrogen storage capacity. Zr was able to increase the reversible hydrogen storage capacity of Ti-V-Mn-Ni alloy without considerable change of hydrogenation properties. The electrochemical discharge capacity of Ti-Zr-V-Mn-Ni system were in the range of 350 - 464mAh/g and among them $Ti_{0.8}Zr_{0.2}V_{0.5}Mn_{0.5}Ni_{1.0}$ alloy had $Cl_4$ Laves single phase and very high electrochemical discharge capacity of 464mAh/g.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.420-424
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• 2007

Precipitation behavior has been studied in NiTi-based ordered alloy using transmission electron microscopy. The hardness after solution treatment is high in NiTi alloy suggesting the large contribution of solid solution strengthening in this alloy system. However, the amount of age hardening is not large as compared to the large microstructural variations during aging. At the beginning of aging, the $L2_1-type$ $Ni_2AlTi$ precipitates keep a lattice coherency with the NiTi matrix. By longer periods of aging $Ni_2AlTi$ precipitates lose their coherency and change their morphology to the globular ones surrounded by misfit dislocations. Misfit dislocations, which are observed on {100} planes of H-precipitates have the Burgers vector of a <100> with a pure edge type. The lattice misfits of $NiTi-Ni_2AlTi$ system is estimated from the spacings of misfit dislocations to be 1.3% at 1273 K. The lattice misfits decrease with increasing aging temperature in this system.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2006

There are two types of metal hydride electrodes as a negative electrode in a Ni-MH battery, $AB_2$ Zr-based Laves phases and $AB_5$ LM(La-rich mischmetal)-based alloys. The $AB_5$ alloy electrodes have characteristic properties such as a large discharge capacity per volume, easiness in activation, long cycle life and a low cost of alloy. However they have a relatively small discharge capacity per weight. The $AB_2$alloy electrodes have a much higher discharge capacity per weight than $AB_5$ alloy electrodes, however they have some disadvantages of poor activation behavior and cycle life. Therefore, in order to improve the discharge capacity of the $AB_5$ alloy electrode the Zr, Ti and V which are the alloying elements of the $AB_2$ alloys were added to the $LaNi_{3.6}Ai_{0.4}Co_{0.7}Mn_{0.3}$ alloy which was chosen as a $AB_5$ alloy with a high capacity. The addition of Zr, Ti and V to $LaNi_{3.6}Ai_{0.4}Co_{0.7}Mn_{0.3}$ alloy improved the activation to be completed in two cycles. The discharge capacities of Zr 0.02, Ti 0.02 and V 0.1 alloys in $LaNi_{3.6}Ai_{0.4}Co_{0.7}Mn_{0.3}M_y$ (M = Zr, Ti, V) were respectively 346, 348 and 366 mAh/g alloy. The alloy electrodes, Zr 0.02, Ti 0.05 and V 0.1 in $LaNi_{3.6}Ai_{0.4}Co_{0.7}Mn_{0.3}M_y$ (M = Zr, Ti, V), have shown good cycle property after 200 cycles. The rate capability of the $LaNi_{3.6}Ai_{0.4}Co_{0.7}Mn_{0.3}M_y$ (M = Zr, Ti, V) alloy electrodes were very good until 0.6 C rate and the alloys, Zr 0.02, Ti 0.05 and V 0.1, have shown the best result as 92 % at 2.4 C rate. The charge retention property of the $LaNi_{3.6}Ai_{0.4}Co_{0.7}Mn_{0.3}M_y$ (M = Zr, Ti, V) alloys was not good and the alloys with M content from 0.02 to 0.05 showed better charge retention properties.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.284-291
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• 1997

The electrode characteristics of two kinds of metal hydride electrodes using V-Ti (V-rich) based alloy were studied, in which one electrode was prepared by sintering the mixture of V-Ti alloy and Ni powders by a rapid thermal annealing technique and the other one was prepared using V-Ti-Ni ternary alloy, The discharge capacities of all electrodes during the charge-discharge cycling were completely deteriorated within 10 cycles. It appeared that the deterioration of the electrodes was caused by the dissolution of V in the near-surface region into the electrolyte and the formation of $TiO_2$ layer on the alloy particle surface. This degradation mechanism was supported by the facts that V is main hydride forming element and $TiO_2$ has very low electrical conductivity and hydrogen diffusivity.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.470-476
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• 2013

The aim of the current study was to predict shape recovery behavior of Ni-Ti shape memory alloy (SMA) wire after loading-unloading and after wire drawing. The superelasticity of SMA was analyzed by a hyper-elastic model for the Mullins effect using ABAQUS. Firstly, tensile tests and loading-unloading tests of the Ni-Ti SMA wire with a diameter 1.0 mm were performed using an MTS servo-hydraulic tester. The parameters for the Mullins effect were computed by ABAQUS based on curve-fitting of the loading-unloading test data. The proposed FE-model predicted the shape recovery of Ni-Ti SMA after wire drawing. Finally, the effectiveness of the model was verified by drawing experiments. The wire drawing experiments using the Ni-Ti SMA were conducted on a drawing machine(1ton, 50mm/s). In order to evaluate the shape recovery of Ni-Ti SMA, the drawn wires are annealed for 30min at $450^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.288-292
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• 2002

Ni-base amorphous alloys were manufactured using melt-spinning and Cu-mold die casting methods. Amorphous formability, the supercooled liquid region before crystallization and mechanical properties were examined. The reduced glass transition temperature and the supercooled liquid region of $Ni_{51} Nb_{20} Zr_9 Ti_9 Co_8 Cu_3$alloy were 0.621 and 46 K respectively. $Ni_{51} Nb_{20} Zr_9 Ti_9 Co_8 Cu_3$ alloy was produced in the rod shape 3mm diameter using the Cu-mold die casting. Hardness, compression strength, elongation and elastic modulus of the alloy were 850 DPN, 2.75 GPa, 1.8% and 150 GPa respectively. Moreover, compression strength of 2.75 GPa was the highest value in the amorphous bulk alloy produced up to now.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.137-141
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• 1997

The effects of Ag addition to Zr-based hydrogen storage alloys ($Zr_{0.7}Ti_{0.3}V_{0.4}Ni_{1.2}Mn_{0.4}$, $Zr_{0.7}Ti_{0.3}V_{0.4}Ni_{1.2}Mn_{0.3}Cr_{0.1}$ and $Zr_{0.6}Ti_{0.4}V_{0.4}Ni_{1.2}Mn_{0.3}Fe_{0.1}$) on the electrode properties were examined. Ag-free and Ag-added Ze-based alloys were prepared by arc melting, crushed mechanically, and subjected to the electrochemical measurement. In $Zr_{0.7}Ti_{0.3}V_{0.4}Ni_{1.2}Mn_{0.4}$ alloy, 0.08 wt% Ag addition to the alloy improved the activation rate. Also Ag addition improved both activation property and discharge capacity in $Zr_{0.7}Ti_{0.3}V_{0.4}Ni_{1.2}Mn_{0.3}Cr_{0.1}$. For these Ag-added alloys, discharge capacities with the change of charge-discharge current density(10mA, 15mA and 30mA) are almost constant. Showing very high rate capability, discharge capacity of $Zr_{0.6}Ti_{0.4}V_{0.4}Ni_{1.2}Mn_{0.3}Fe_{0.1}$ alloy increased by Ag addition to the alloy. When the amount of Ag addition in $Zr_{0.7}Ti_{0.3}V_{0.4}Ni_{1.2}Mn_{0.4}$ alloy increased too much, the electrode properties became worse. Unveiling mechanism of effect of Ag addition is now progressing in our laboratory.