• 한국재료학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.218-223
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• 1997

과냉각액체구역(${\Delta}T_{x}=T_{x}-T_{g}$)을 갖는 $Fe_{80}P_{10}C_{6}B_{4}$ 조성에 천이금속(Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Co, Ni, Pd, Pt및 Cu)를 첨가하여 이들 원소가 유리화온도($T_{g}$), 결정화온도($T_{x}$) 및 과냉액체구역 (${\Delta}T_{x}$)에 미치는 영향에 \ulcorner여 조사하였다. $Fe_{80}P_{10}C_{6}B_{4}$ 합금의 ${\Delta}T_{x}$ 값은 27K였으나 이 합금에 Hf, Ta 및 Mo을 각각 4at%첨가하면 그 값이 40k 이상으로 증가하였다. 이같은 ${\Delta}T_{x}$ 값의 증가는 유리화온도($T_{g}$의 상승보다 결정화온도($T_{x}$)의 상승폭이 크기 때문이다. $T_{g}$ 및 $T_{x}$는 외각전자밀도(e/a)가 약 7.38에서 7.05로 감소할수록 상승하였다. e/a의 감소는 천이금속과 다른 구성원소(반금속)사이의 상호결합상태를 의미한다. 즉 $T_{g}$ 및 $T_{x}$의 상승은 강한 상호결합력에 기인하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2002년도 제3회 최신 분말제품 응용기술 Workshop
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• pp.25-37
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• 2002

The most important industrial application of gamma radiation in characterizing green compacts is the determination of the density. Examples are given where this method is applied in manufacturing technical components in powder metallurgy. The requirements imposed by modern quality management systems and operation by the workforce in industrial production are described. The accuracy of measurement achieved with this method is demonstrated and a comparison is given with other test methods to measure the density. The advantages and limitations of gamma ray densitometry are outlined. The gamma ray densitometer measures the attenuation of gamma radiation penetrating the test parts (Fig. 1). As the capability of compacts to absorb this type of radiation depends on their density, the attenuation of gamma radiation can serve as a measure of the density. The volume of the part being tested is defined by the size of the aperture screeniing out the radiation. It is a channel with the cross section of the aperture whose length is the height of the test part. The intensity of the radiation identified by the detector is the quantity used to determine the material density. Gamma ray densitometry can equally be performed on green compacts as well as on sintered components. Neither special preparation of test parts nor skilled personnel is required to perform the measurement; neither liquids nor other harmful substances are involved. When parts are exhibiting local density variations, which is normally the case in powder compaction, sectional densities can be determined in different parts of the sample without cutting it into pieces. The test is non-destructive, i.e. the parts can still be used after the measurement and do not have to be scrapped. The measurement is controlled by a special PC based software. All results are available for further processing by in-house quality documentation and supervision of measurements. Tool setting for multi-level components can be much improved by using this test method. When a densitometer is installed on the press shop floor, it can be operated by the tool setter himself. Then he can return to the press and immediately implement the corrections. Transfer of sample parts to the lab for density testing can be eliminated and results for the correction of tool settings are more readily available. This helps to reduce the time required for tool setting and clearly improves the productivity of powder presses. The range of materials where this method can be successfully applied covers almost the entire periodic system of the elements. It reaches from the light elements such as graphite via light metals (AI, Mg, Li, Ti) and their alloys, ceramics ($AI_20_3$, SiC, Si_3N_4, $Zr0_2$, ...), magnetic materials (hard and soft ferrites, AlNiCo, Nd-Fe-B, ...), metals including iron and alloy steels, Cu, Ni and Co based alloys to refractory and heavy metals (W, Mo, ...) as well as hardmetals. The gamma radiation required for the measurement is generated by radioactive sources which are produced by nuclear technology. These nuclear materials are safely encapsulated in stainless steel capsules so that no radioactive material can escape from the protective shielding container. The gamma ray densitometer is subject to the strict regulations for the use of radioactive materials. The radiation shield is so effective that there is no elevation of the natural radiation level outside the instrument. Personal dosimetry by the operating personnel is not required. Even in case of malfunction, loss of power and incorrect operation, the escape of gamma radiation from the instrument is positively prevented.