• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.371-379
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• 2012

This study was designed to explore new nutraceutical and cosmetic resources possessing biological activities from the plant kingdom. To fulfill this purpose, we analyzed the anti-oxidative, anti-melanogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities of Zanthoxylum schinifolium extract (ZSE) and its solvent fractions using in vitro assays and cell culture model systems. Three kinds of ZSE treated with methanol, ethanol, and water exhibited potent anti-oxidative activities through DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and inhibited in vitro DOPA oxidation. Furthermore, Z. schinifolium methanol extract (ZSME) inhibited the ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone, which induces melanin contents in B16F10 cells. Its anti-melanogenic activity originates from the inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme activity and melanogenesis related protein expression. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide induced nitric oxide production in the RAW 264.7 cell line was also ameliorated by ZSME treatment in a dose dependent manner. Among the four solvent fractions of ZSME treated with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water, three fractions, except water, showed significant anti-melanogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Taken together, these results provide important new insights into Z. schinifolium, indicating that it possesses numerous biological activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-melanogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, it may well serve as a promising material in the field of nutraceuticals and cosmetics.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.177-214
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• 2016

During more than 20 years of practice, Civil Aviation Law has experienced three times of amendments since it was enacted in 1995. But these revisions are limited to the technical level. The problems and limitations have become increasingly prominent in its implementation. Firstly, the civil aviation law is the result of interests game among several departments and some legal issues was left behind and the regulation was very vague as a result. Secondly, the process of aviation legislation is the process that the country has undergone profound changes and social transformation. The 20 years is long enough for the society to undergo tremendous changes and 1995 version of civil aviation law does not keep pace of development of economy. There was a serious lag between reality and the law. In order to actively promote the development of the aviation industry and overcome implementation issues of the Civil Aviation Law, Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) initiated modification procedure the law and published new draft of Civil Aviation Law in August 2016. The spirit of this modification is to learn and absorb new achievements of domestic and foreign legislation and the International Convention on civil aviation. Furthermore, the purpose of the revision is to provide favorable policy for the development of civil aviation industry and improve aviation safety and supervision, strengthen and protection of consumer rights and interests, to enhance the safety of civil aviation activities, and promote the development of general aviation. This revision concerned to the 78 articles which are revised or deleted and 24 articles added. The highlights of the draft include but not limited to the enhancement of security management, clarification of the main responsibility for production safety. And also it added the provisions related to the construction of effective tracking capability of public air transport enterprises and license system on the transport of dangerous goods. Compared with the existing civil aviation law, the draft has made a great improvements. But there are several deficiencies and limitations in the drafts. These problems need to be supplemented and perfected through further amendments in near future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2022

This study compared and reviewed the recognition determinants by applying the OECMs criteria, focusing on old big trees, plant of natural monument that are natural heritage under the national heritage system of the Cultural Heritage Administration, and the results are as follows. First, among the protected areas designated and managed by government agencies according to each protection purpose, it is necessary to actively introduce new conservation measures, OECMs, to fulfill the Biodiversity strategy for 2030 while the land area is already saturated. Second, the OECMs are geographically defined areas(CBD, 2018), not currently recognized as a protected areas, governed and managed in a way that achieves positived sustained and effective contribution to in situ conservation of biodiversity. Since the selection of term, the scope of application criteria, and the context of interpretation are inevitably different, it is necessary to separately legislate and establish related laws of the OECMs suitable for each country's situation. Third, as a result of reviewing the OECMs criteria for plant of natural monument, the final 58 potential resources were recognized. Important elements among the OECMs criteria are that buffer zones should be spaced apart from designated zones to secure a certain area, and that economic activities through commercial production should not occur and meet biodiversity standards. Among the potential candidates, 23 areas were analyzed to be geographically isolated and independent, such as Forest of Oriental Arborvitae in Do-dong, Daegu, and forest types such as Carstor Aralia of Gungchon-ri, Samcheok and Forest of Common Camellias in Maryang-ri, Seocheon. As a result of reviewing the application of OECMs criteria for plant of natural monument, it was confirmed that the functions as a traditional uses were specialized among the values of biodiversity, and ecosystem services and cultural and spiritual values were inherited through Korea's unique culture of old big trees and Dangsan ritual. In terms of biodiversity criteria, it can be used as an important factor in connecting human and natural ecosystem networks without the discovery of new species.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.43-52
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• 2016

This paper is to study techniques of a virtual reality to maximize the depth of the users' immersion based on differentiated interactive contents using korean traditional fairy tale. In order to increase more interests in korean traditional fairy tale, we produce a interactive 3D contents and propose a new approach to a system designing applying a virtual realities such as HMD, Leap motion. First, using Korean traditional fairy tale, we generate interactive contents consisting of scenes intensifying user's tensions while interaction of game process. Based on the interactive contents generated, we design scene generation using Oculus HMD, the gaze based input processes and a hand interface using Leap motion, in order to provide a multi dimensional scene transmission and an input process method to intensify the sense of the reality. We will verify through diverse tests whether the proposed virtual reality contents based on a technique of an input process will actually intensify the immersion in the virtual reality or not while minimizing the motion sickness of the users.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.657-670
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• 2011

China has gone through rapid economic growth due to transitional economies since 1978. In particular, Chinese transitional economies has led to fundamental changes in firms' activities under the socialist system. Nevertheless, Chinese firms have formed new industrial production organizations and spatial orders by sustaining personal networks based on existing traditional firm practice, which is called 'guanxi'. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to identify the influence of personal networks, guanxi, on the business activities of Chinese firms by investigating the formation of guanxi mechanism. The main characteristics of guanxi represented in inter-firm relations are as follows. First, guanxi has played a role in facilitating inter-firm relations and business activities, because it has an inter-debt relations based on inter-reciprocal relations between firms. Second, Chinese firms has depended on posteriori guanxi rather than inherent guanxi by the internalization of personal networks through 'guanxi communicators'.Third, guanxi between firms and local government in extra-firm relations has been established to minimize risks from unstable legal regulations.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.84-92
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• 2006

Background : To examine the difference between ICD-10 and The Korean standard classification of disease(oriental medicine), and to aim at improve the practical use as statistical data. It is one of the reason of disease classification. On that account we convert the many to many correspondence presenting classification of oriental medicine into many to one correspondence. Method : The study tracked out 155 patients discharged from the university hospital which is located in Gyeonggi Province and managing hospital and oriental medicine hospital from July to October this year. The period of this study was from August 1 to November 18. We compared correspondence between the two services' diagnosis(hospital services and oriental medicine hospital services) at the same time and attempted many to one correspondence classification. That is for production of statistical data. Result : We investigated the group which have had medical treatment experience of two kinds of services at the same time. The result of this investigation was that the same oriental medicine diagnosis used differently in western medicine diagnosis. 44.5% was accorded with western medicine diagnosis. Correspondence of the western medicine diagnose with the top of the Korean standard classification of disease(oriental medicine) list's western medicine diagnosis was 13.5%. For many to one correspondence classification for statistics, one western medicine diagnosis was selected for one oriental medicine diagnosis. In case of the main diagnosis(I sign) was not enough to explain oriental medicine diagnosis' characteristic, we chose multiple other diagnosis, so other diagnosis(II sign) about patient's cause of disease could be selected for supplement after we examined the patient's records. The statistics was possible with this many to one correspondence. Conclusion : The result of this study about correspondence between western medicine diagnoses and those of oriental medicine confirms that The Korean standard classification of disease(oriental medicine) is hard to be standardized with western medicine diagnosis. Therefore, according to this study, we use new many to one correspondence classification, multiple oriental medicine diagnoses with one ICD-10, which can be used by statistical data.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2016

With the development of fast construction mode in shipbuilding market, the demand on accuracy management of hull is becoming higher and higher in shipbuilding industry. In order to enhance production efficiency and reduce manufacturing cycle time in shipbuilding industry, it is important for shipyards to have the accuracy of ship components evaluated efficiently during the whole manufacturing cycle time. In accurate shipbuilding process, block accuracy is the key part, which has significant meaning in shortening the period of shipbuilding process, decreasing cost and improving the quality of ship. The key of block accuracy control is to create a integrate block accuracy controlling system, which makes great sense in implementing comprehensive accuracy controlling, increasing block accuracy, standardization of proceeding of accuracy controlling, realizing "zero-defect transferring" and advancing non-allowance shipbuilding. Generally, managers of accuracy control measure the vital points at section surface of block by using the heavy total station, which is inconvenient and time-consuming for measurement of vital points. In this paper, a new measurement method based on point clouds technique has been proposed. This method is to measure the 3D coordinates values of vital points at section surface of block by using 3D scanner, and then compare the measured point with design point based on ICP algorithm which has an allowable error check process that makes sure that whether or not the error between design point and measured point is within the margin of error.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.255-260
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• 2018

Chung-Sang (CS) is an experimental herbal remedy that is formulated to treat respiratory diseases implicated by inflammation. The herbs comprised of CS are frequently prescribed for treating various inflammatory symptoms: Menthae haplocalycis Herba, Magnoliae Flosis, Xanthii Fructus, Herba Asari, and Caryphylli Flos. Here, we prepared the extract of CS with boiling water (wCS) or with 50 % ethanol (eCS) and examined whether the two different extracts of CS exhibit a toxicity to cultured cells and mice. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with wCS or eCS, and the cytotoxicity of these extracts to RAW 264.7 cells was determined by an MTT assay. Although the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species that are detrimental to the cells was not increased by the extracts, the cytotoxicity to the cells was evident from 10 mg/ml of wCS and 100 mg/ml of eCS, suggesting that eCS is less cytotoxic. When mice (n = 10/group) received a single intratracheal wCS or eCS daily for 14 days, wCS yielded 40 % mortality, whereas eCS showed none. Both wCS and eCS did not significantly affect the weight of the body and of vital organs, except the lung. Biochemical analyses of mice blood indicated no damage to liver or kidney. However, unlike eCS, wCS significantly increased the level of IgE in serum. Collectively, our results show that eCS was less toxic than wCS, suggesting that CS prepared with 50 % ethanol is preferential over the conventional way of preparing CS.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.8314-8324
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• 2015

It has been recognized that in keeping the national defense capability on a leading edge, not only the continued production of weapon systems but also the associated maintenance and upgrades are becoming the subjects of great importance. Based on systems engineering process, the domestic acquisition programs for weapons systems led by DAPA have made some advancement where both new systems development and systems upgrade have attracted attention. On the other hand, as a useful type of domestic acquisition the foreign purchase program has been conceived as a process of simply buying needed weapons from abroad. Therefore, if some degree of development is necessary in system upgrades by foreign purchase, many problems turned out to exist. To study a remedy is the objective of this paper. The issues are analyzed first and then a relevant process is proposed based on a systems engineering method. Also included in the improved process is on how to generate a requirement document and the corresponding template to meet the goals of the upgrades by development. By applying the proposed process and template in the foreign purchase upgrade programs, derivation of more appropriate requirements can be expected, thereby offering effective management of programs and target goals.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1997.07a
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• pp.228-229
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• 1997

1 Intonation is important. It cannot be ignored. To convince students of the importance of intonation, we can use sentences with two very different interpretations according to intonation. Example: "I thought it would rain" with a fallon "rain" means it did not rain, but with a fall on "thought" and a rise on "rain" it means that it did rain. 2 Although complex, intonation is structured. For both teacher and student, the big job of tackling intonation is made simpler by remembering that intonation can be analysed into systems and units. There are three main systems in English intonation: Tonality (division into phrases) Tonicity (selection of accented syllables) Tone (the choice of pitch movements) Examples: Tonality: My brother who lives in London is a doctor. Tonicity: Hello. How ARE you. Hello. How are YOU. Tone: Ways to say "Thank you" 3 In deciding what to teach, we must distinguish what is universal from what is specifically English. This is where contrastive studies of intonation are very valuable. Usually, for instance, division into phrases (tonality) works in broadly similar ways across languages. Some uses of pitch are also similar across languages - for example, very high pitch may signal excitement or urgency. 4 Although most people think that intonation is mainly about pitch (the tone system), actually accent placement (tonicity) is probably the single most important aspect of English intonation. This is because it is connected with information focus, and the effects on interpretation are very clear-cut. Example: They asked for coffee, so I made them coffee. (The second occurrence of "coffee" must not be accented). 5 Ear-training is the beginning of intonation training in the VeL approach. First, students learn to identify fall vs rise vs fall-rise. To begin with, single words are used, then phrases and sentences. When learning tones, the fIrst words used should have unstressed syllables after the stressed syllable (Saturday) to make the pitch movement clearer. 6 In production drills, the fIrst thing is to establish simple neutral patterns. There should be no drama or really special meanings. Simple drills can be used to teach important patterns: Example: A: Peter likes football B: Yes JOHN likes football TOO A: Mary rides a bike B: Yes JENny rides a bike TOO 7 The teacher must be systematic and let learners KNOW what they are learning. It is no good using new patterns and hoping that students will "pick them up" without noticing. 8 Visual feedback of fundamental frequency with a computer display can help students learn correct patterns. The teacher can use the display to demonstrate patterns, or students can practise by themselves, imitating recorded models.