• 설비공학논문집
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.380-394
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• 2015

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2014. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of heat and mass transfer, cooling and heating, and air-conditioning, the flow inside building rooms, and smoke control on fire. Research issues dealing with duct and pipe were reduced, but flows inside building rooms, and smoke controls were newly added in thermal and fluid engineering research area. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results for thermal contact resistance measurement of metal interface, a fan coil with an oval-type heat exchanger, fouling characteristics of plate heat exchangers, effect of rib pitch in a two wall divergent channel, semi-empirical analysis in vertical mesoscale tubes, an integrated drying machine, microscale surface wrinkles, brazed plate heat exchangers, numerical analysis in printed circuit heat exchanger. In the area of pool boiling and condensing, non-uniform air flow, PCM applied thermal storage wall system, a new wavy cylindrical shape capsule, and HFC32/HFC152a mixtures on enhanced tubes, were actively studied. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on solar water storage tank, effective design on the inserting part of refrigerator door gasket, impact of different boundary conditions in generating g-function, various construction of SCW type ground heat exchanger and a heat pump for closed cooling water heat recovery were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, various studies were carried out in the categories of refrigeration cycle, alternative refrigeration and modelling and controls including energy recoveries from industrial boilers and vehicles, improvement of dehumidification systems, novel defrost systems, fault diagnosis and optimum controls for heat pump systems. It is particularly notable that a substantial number of studies were dedicated for the development of air-conditioning and power recovery systems for electric vehicles in this year. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, seventeen studies were reported for achieving effective design of the mechanical systems, and also for maximizing the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included energy performance, HVAC system, ventilation, and renewable energies, piping in the buildings. Proposed designs, performance performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which can improve the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment was mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment were related to the evaluation of work noise in tunnel construction and the simulation and development of a light-shelf system. The subjects of building energy were worked on the energy saving of office building applied with window blind and phase change material(PCM), a method of existing building energy simulation using energy audit data, the estimation of thermal consumption unit of apartment building and its case studies, dynamic window performance, a writing method of energy consumption report and energy estimation of apartment building using district heating system. The remained studies were related to the improvement of architectural engineering education system for plant engineering industry, estimating cooling and heating degree days for variable base temperature, a prediction method of underground temperature, the comfort control algorithm of car air conditioner, the smoke control performance evaluation of high-rise building, evaluation of thermal energy systems of bio safety laboratory and a development of measuring device of solar heat gain coefficient of fenestration system.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2018

화석 연료의 고갈과 온난화 현상으로 인해 새로운 에너지원에 대한 관심이 급증하고 있다. 그 중에서 바이오가스는 유기성 폐기물 및 바이오매스를 혐기성 소화과정인 가수분해(hydrolysis), 산발효(acidogenesis), 유기산발효(acetogenesis), 메탄발효(methanogenesis)의 단계를 거쳐 발생되기 때문에 친환경적인 에너지자원으로 각광받고 있다. 그러나 바이오가스는 기존의 정제설비로는 제거할 수 없는 높은 미세분진 및 수분 함량으로 인해, 직접연소, 도시가스, 자동차용 연료 등 효율적인 이용을 위해서 정제시스템이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 미세분진과 수분을 동시에 제거할 수 있는 정제과정의 전처리 방법으로써 원심력을 이용하는 냉각공정을 설계하였다. 원심력을 이용하여 분진을 제거하는 Cyclone 내 외부에 열교환기와 ID fan을 구성하여 주입되는 가스를 어는점 이하로 냉각시킴으로써 물안개를 형성시켜 분진입자를 제거하고, 일부 가스를 ID fan을 이용하여 재순환시켜 제거하는 고효율 냉각제어공정을 개발하였다. 수분제거는 유량(25~150L/min) 및 상대습도(60~95%)의 조건에서 시험하였다. 수분제거율은 상대습도 $95{\pm}5%$일 때 평균 80.8%, 입자제거율은 입자크기 $2.5{\mu}m$에서 평균 99.78%의 제거효율을 보였고, 수분과 입자의 동시제거효율은 수분 70.86%, 입자 99.67%의 평균값을 보여주었다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.129-169
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• 2007

이 논문에서는 한국이 2015년 흑은 2020년까지 1995년 혹은 2000년 수준으로 이산화탄소 배출량을 감축하기 위해 탄소세를 도입하는 경우의 효과를 SGM_Korea모형에 의거하여 예측해 보이고 있다. 이 논문의 주요 기여는 미국 지구변화연구소(JGCRI)가 개발한 SGM에 한국 부문의 데이터를 최근의 투입산출표(2000)와 최근의 에너지 수급표를 이용하여 최신화하고 그 예측력을 시험해 본 것에서 찾을 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 SGM_Korea (2000)를 이용하여 배출량 규제 및 탄소세 부과 시나리오에 따른 효과를 배출량 변화, 저감비용, GDP, 산업 생산 등에 대한 영향을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 한국이 2005년부터 배출량을 점진적으로 저감하기 시작하고 매년 1% 정도 에너지 효율의 향상을 가정할 경우 2015년까지 2000년 수준으로 배출량을 저감하기 위해 요구되는 탄소세 수준은 탄소톤당 약 US$500 정도가 될 것으로 보인다. 그러나 에너지 효율 개선이 없다면 탄소세에 의존하여 2000년 수준으로 배출량을 저감하는 것은 현실적으로 불가능해 보인다는 점에서 대체 에너지의 개발을 포함한 에너지 효율의 개선은 배출 저감 정책의 전제가 되지 않으면 안 될 것이다. 본 연구는 기후온난화 문제에 대해 국제적으로 검정된 CGE모형으로 예측된 비교 가능한 수치를 제시하였다는 점에서 다른 연구와 차별성을 가진다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.787-813
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• 2009

최근 기후변화가 가장 큰 이슈로 부각되고 있는 가운데 북극의 해빙이 점차 줄어들고 있다는 점을 강조하고 있다. 이에 따라 세계적으로 화석연료를 줄이려는 정책적 움직임을 보이고 있다. 그런데 기후변화로 인한 북극의 해빙 감소를 천연가스 자원개발 측면에서 보면 예전에 비해 오히려 낮은 단위 비용으로 천연가스를 생산할 수 있는 기회를 만들어주고 있는 것이다. 본 논문은 이러한 양자 모순관계에서 북극의 천연가스에 대한 영유권을 갖고 있는 국가들은 어떠한 정책을 갖고 움직이고 있는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 특히 북극에서 가장 많은 매장량을 갖고 있는 러시아의 북극에서의 천연가스 개발 정책이 향후 세계 천연가스시장에서의 수급에 미칠 영향이 상당할 것으로 분석되는 바, 이에 대한 국가적 대응책이 마련되어져야 할 것이다. 러시아가 2030~2040년대에 매장량이 풍부한 야말 반도에서 생산된 천연가스를 북극항로를 통해 액화천연가스(LNG) 수송선으로 수출하게 되면 세계 천연가스시장의 구조는 새로운 단계로 발전될 것이다. 왜냐하면 이러한 거래 형태는 이전의 천연가스 거래에 있어서 지리적 한계를 뛰어 넘을 뿐만 아니라 이제까지의 파이프라인 가스(PNG) 거래 중심에서 액화천연가스(LNG) 거래 중심으로 무게가 이동하기 때문이다. 한편 우리나라와 같이 북극에 대한 영유권을 갖고 있지 않은 중국이나 일본의 움직임을 살펴보면서 우리에게 주는 타산지석의 교훈을 얻고자 하는 것이다.

• 청정기술
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.179-188
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• 2019

석탄화력 발전시 석탄은 석탄회로 발생하게 되는데 비회(fly ash)가 80%, 저회(bottom ash)가 20% 비율로 발생된다. 그러나 이들 대부분은 재활용되지 못하고 매립장에 전량 폐기되고 있고, 비회 및 저희를 매립하는 매립장이 포화될 경우 새로운 대체 매립장을 건설하지 못하는 한 석탄화력발전소의 운영을 중지해야 하는 경우가 발생할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 비회를 재활용하여 자원화하기 위해 습식 부유선별기술(부선과정)을 이용하여 비회 내 유용성분{미연탄소(unburned carbon, UC), 뮬라이트(ceramic microsphere, CM), 실리카(cleaned ash, CA)}을 회수하였으며, 회수된 유용성분들의 특성분석으로 산업 소재로 재활용 가능성을 조사하였다. 비회로부터 회수된 유용성분의 회수율은 UC 92.10%, CM 75.75%, CA 69.71%로 부선과정을 통하여 UC가 다른 성분보다 회수율이 16 ~ 22% 더 우수한 것으로 나타났다. UC의 연소가능성분(combustible component, CC)은 52.54wt%, 발열량도 $4,232kcal\;kg^{-1}$로 높아서 석탄 기준 C의 함량 100%일 경우 $8,100kcal\;kg^{-1}$로 감안할 때 산업용 연료로 사용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다. CM과 CA의 분리는 pH의 영향으로 UC 보다는 화학적 분리가 효과적이었으며, 회수된 CA의 $SiO_2$ 함량은 78.66wt%, CM의 $SiO_2$ 함량은 53.55wt%로 나타나 산업용 소재로 재활용 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.715-732
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• 2009

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2008. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) Research trends in thermal and fluid engineering have been surveyed in the categories of general fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, new and renewable energy, and fire. Well-developed CFD technologies were widely applied in developing facilities and their systems. New research topics include fire, fuel cell, and solar energy. Research was mainly focused on flow distribution and optimization in the fields of fluid machinery and piping. Topics related to the development of fans and compressors had been popular, but were no longer investigated widely. Research papers on micro heat exchangers using nanofluids and micro pumps were also not presented during this period. There were some studies on thermal reliability and performance in the fields of new and renewable energy. Numerical simulations of smoke ventilation and the spread of fire were the main topics in the field of fire. (2) Research works on heat transfer presented in 2008 have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, industrial heat exchangers, and ground heat exchangers. Research on heat transfer characteristics included thermal transport in cryogenic vessels, dish solar collectors, radiative thermal reflectors, variable conductance heat pipes, and flow condensation and evaporation of refrigerants. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, examined are research on micro-channel plate heat exchangers, liquid cooled cold plates, fin-tube heat exchangers, and frost behavior of heat exchanger fins. Measurements on ground thermal conductivity and on the thermal diffusion characteristics of ground heat exchangers were reported. (3) In the field of refrigeration, many studies were presented on simultaneous heating and cooling heat pump systems. Switching between various operation modes and optimizing the refrigerant charge were considered in this research. Studies of heat pump systems using unutilized energy sources such as sewage water and river water were reported. Evaporative cooling was studied both theoretically and experimentally as a potential alternative to the conventional methods. (4) Research papers on building facilities have been reviewed and divided into studies on heat and cold sources, air conditioning and air cleaning, ventilation, automatic control of heat sources with piping systems, and sound reduction in hydraulic turbine dynamo rooms. In particular, considered were efficient and effective uses of energy resulting in reduced environmental pollution and operating costs. (5) In the field of building environments, many studies focused on health and comfort. Ventilation. system performance was considered to be important in improving indoor air conditions. Due to high oil prices, various tests were planned to examine building energy consumption and to cut life cycle costs.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2022

가구 산업은 부가가치 창출의 가능성이 높고 중소기업이 주축이 되어 있는 산업 특성상 일자리 창출 여력이 크다. 그러나, 최근 사용 후 가구의 처리 동향을 살펴보면 재사용 가치가 충분한 사용 후 가구마저도 파쇄되어 고형연료(SRF)로 활용되고 있는 사례가 많으며, 폐기물 처리업체는 지속적으로 감소하면서 폐목재 적체 현상으로 이어지고 있다. 이 같은 문제를 해결하기 위한 방안으로, 순환이용효율성이 높은 사용 후 가구 재제조 비즈니스 모델을 제안하고자 한다. 재제조는 자원 및 에너지 절감 효과가 크고, 고용창출 효과가 높다는 점에서 사용 후 가구에 적용 시 산업경제적 파급효과가 클 것으로 사료된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 해외의 사용 후 가구 재제조 과정을 분석하여 그 특성을 파악하고 이를 바탕으로 경제성 및 환경성 분석을 수행하였다. 경제성 분석 결과, 1인 사업장 기준으로 사용 후 가구 재제조를 통한 연간 예상수익은 약 104백만원, B/C 분석결과는 30으로 높은 사업성을 확보하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 우리나라 1인 근로자 가구 연평균 소득의 3.11배(연평균 소득은 33백만원)에 달하는 수준이며, 같은 중량의 SRF로 재자원화할 경우의 수익 325천원보다 320배 높은 수준이다. 또한, 환경성 분석결과, 기존의 목재펠릿으로 가공하는 재자원화보다 재제조함으로써 얻을 수 있는 연간 온실가스 저감효과는 연간 2.2 tCO₂-eq.이며, 이는 소나무 937그루 또는 신갈나무 622그루가 연간 흡수하는 온실가스의 양과 유사한 수치이다. 이러한 연구결과는 폐기단계에서 경제적 환경적 효과를 고려한 재자원화 방법을 우선 적용하는 것이 중요함을 시사해준다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1975

The success of the family planning program in Korea is reflected in the decrease in the growth rate from 3.0% in 1962 to 2.0% in 1971, and in the decrease in the fertility rate from 43/1,000 in 1960 to 29/1,000 in 1970. However, it would be erroneous to attribute these reductions entirely to the family planning program. Other socio-economic factors, such as the increasing age at marriage and the increasing use of induced abortions, definitely had an impact on the lowered growth and fertility rate. Despite the relative success of the program to data in meeting its goals, there is no room for complacency. Meeting the goal of a further reduction in the population growth rate to 1.3% by 1981 is a much more difficult task than any one faced in the past. Not only must fertility be lowered further, but the size of the target population itself will expand tremendously in the late seventies; due to the post-war baby boom of the 1950's reaching reproductive ages. Furthermore, it is doubtful that the age at marriage will continue to rise as in the past or that the incidence of induced abortion will continue to increase. Consequently, future reductions in fertility will be more dependent on the performance of the national family planning program, with less assistance from these non-program factors. This paper will describe various approaches to help to the solution of these current problems. 1. PRACTICE RATE IN FAMILY PLANNING In 1973, the attitude (approval) and knowledge rates were quite high; 94% and 98% respectively. But a large gap exists between that and the actual practice rate, which is only 3695. Two factors must be considered in attempting to close the KAP-gap. The first is to change social norms, which still favor a larger family, increasing the practice rate cannot be done very quickly. The second point to consider is that the family planning program has not yet reached all the eligible women. A 1973 study determineded that a large portion, 3096 in fact, of all eligible women do not want more children, but are not practicing family planning. Thus, future efforts to help close the KAP-gap must focus attention and services on this important large group of potential acceptors. 2. CONTINUATION RATES Dissatisfaction with the loop and pill has resulted in high discontinuation rates. For example, a 1973 survey revealed that within the first six months initial loop acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts, and that within the first four months of inital pill acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts. These discontinuation rates have risen over the past few years. The high rate of discontinuance obviously decreases the contraceptive effectiveness. and has resulted in many unwanted births which is directly related to the increase of induced abortions. In the future, the family planning program must emphasize the improved quality of initial and follow-up services. rather than more quantity, in order to insure higher continuation rates and thus more effective contraceptive protection. 3. INDUCED ABORTION As noted earlier. the use of induced abortions has been increase yearly. For example, in 1960, the average number of abortions was 0.6 abortions per women in the 15-44 age range. By 1970. that had increased to 2 abortions per women. In 1966. 13% of all women between 15-44 had experienced at least one abortion. By 1971, that figure jumped to 28%. In 1973 alone, the total number of abortions was 400,000. Besides the ever incre.sing number of induced abortions, another change has that those who use abortions have shifted since 1965 to include- not. only the middle class, but also rural and low-income women. In the future. in response to the demand for abortion services among rural and low-income w~men, the government must provide and support abortion services for these women as a part of the national family planning program. 4. TARGET SYSTIi:M Since 1962, the nationwide target system has been used to set a target for each method, and the target number of acceptors is then apportioned out to various sub-areas according to the number of eligible couples in each area. Because these targets are set without consideration for demographic factors, particular tastes, prejudices, and previous patterns of acceptance in the area, a high discontinuation rate for all methods and a high wastage rate for the oral pill and condom results. In the future. to alleviate these problems of the methodbased target system. an alternative. such as the weighted-credit system, should be adopted on a nation wide basis. In this system. each contraceptive method is. assigned a specific number of points based upon the couple-years of protection (CYP) provided by the method. and no specific targets for each method are given. 5. INCREASE OF STERILIZA.TION TARGET Two special projects. the hospital-based family planning program and the armed forces program, has greatly contributed to the increasing acceptance in female and male sterilization respectively. From January-September 1974, 28,773 sterilizations were performed. During the same time in 1975, 46,894 were performed; a 63% increase. If this trend continues, by the end of 1975. approximately 70,000 sterilizations will have been performed. Sterilization is a much better method than both the loop and pill, in terms of more effective contraceptive protection and the almost zero dropout rate. In the future, the. family planning program should continue to stress the special programs which make more sterilizations possible. In particular, it should seek to add the laparoscope techniques to facilitate female sterilization acceptance rates. 6. INCREASE NUMBER OF PRIVATE ACCEPTORS Among the current family planning users, approximately 1/3 are in the private sector and thus do not- require government subsidy. The number of private acceptors increases with increasing urbanization and economic growth. To speed this process, the government initiated the special hospital based family planning program which is utilized mostly by the private sector. However, in the future, to further hasten the increase of private acceptors, the government should encourage doctors in private practice to provide family planning services, and provide the contraceptive supplies. This way, those do utilize the private medical system will also be able to receive family planning services and pay for it. Another means of increasing the number of private acceptors, IS to greatly expand the commercial outlets for pills and condoms beyond the existing service points of drugstores, hospitals, and health centers. 7. IE&C PROGRAM The current preferred family size is nearly twice as high as needed to achieve a stable poplation. Also, a strong boy preference hinders a small family size as nearly all couples fuel they must have at least one or more sons. The IE&C program must, in the future, strive to emphasize the values of the small family and equality of the sexes. A second problem for the IE&C program to work. with in the: future is the large group of people who approves family planning, want no more children, but do not practice. The IE&C program must work to motivate these people to accept family planning And finally, for those who already practice, an IE&C program in the future must stress continuation of use. The IE&C campaign, to insure highest effectiveness, should be based on a detailed factor analysis of contraceptive discontinuance. In conclusion, Korea faces a serious unfavorable sociodemographic situation- in the future unless the population growth rate can be curtailed. And in the future, the decrease in fertility will depend solely on the family planning program, as the effect of other socio-economic factors has already been maximumally felt. A second serious factor to consider is the increasing number of eligible women due to the 1950's baby boom. Thus, to meet these challenges, the program target must be increased and the program must improve the effectiveness of its current activities and develop new programs.