• 신재생에너지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.14-23
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• 2012

The TMY (Typical Meteorological Year) for the solar energy study is generated using observation data with 22 solar sites from KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) during 11 years (2000-2010). The meteorological data for calculation the TMY are used solar radiation, temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed and humidity data. And the TMY is calculated to apply the FS (Finkelstein and Schafer) statistics and RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) methods. FS statistics performed with each point and each variable and then selected top five candidate TMM months with statistical analysis and normalization. Finally TMY is generated to select the highest TMM score with evaluation the average errors for the 22 whole points. The TMY data is represented average state and long time variations with 22 sites and meteorological data. When TMY validated with the 11-year daily solar radiation data, the correlation coefficient was about 0.40 and the highest value is 0.57 in April and the lowest value is 0.23 in May. Mean monthly solar radiation of TMY is 411.72 MJ which is 4 MJ higher than original data. Average correlation coefficient is 0.71, the lowest correlation is 0.43 in May and the highest correlation is 0.90 in January. Accumulated annual solar radiation by TMY have higher value in south coast and southwestern region and have relatively low in middle regions. And also, differences between TMY and 11-year mean of is distributed lower 100 MJ in Kyeongbuk, higher 200 MJ in Jeju and higher 125 MJ in Jeonbuk and Jeonnam, respectively.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.533-542
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• 2011

Numerous seagrass habitat restoration projects have been attempted recently due to the remarkable decline in seagrass coverage. Seagrass transplants tend to adapt to a new environment after experiencing transplanting stress during the early stages of transplantation. Once acclimated, the transplants grow into healthy seagrass beds via vegetative propagation. The establishment and growth dynamics of transplanted seagrasses in bays and coasts are widely reported, but few studies have been conducted on estuaries in Korea. We transplanted Zostera marina in November 2007 and November 2008 in the Nakdong estuary using the staple method, and monitored the survival, adaptation, and growth dynamics of the transplants as well as environmental factors every month for 1 year. Both transplants adapted well to the new environment without initial losses and showed rapid productivity during early summer. However, density of transplants increased 320% in 1 year from the previous year's transplants but that decreased to 59% during the following year. This significant reduction in density in the second year may have been caused by exposure to low salinity (10 psu) for 3 weeks during the unusually long monsoon season. While the survival and growth dynamics of seagrass transplants planted in bays and coasts are mainly controlled by underwater photon flux density and water temperature, salinity was the critical factor for those planted in Nakdong estuary.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.197-213
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate chief complaints of pediatric outpatients .Fin the oriental hospital and search for a trend of patients and their symtoms. Method : The study was composed of 2,915 new patients aged between 0 and 20 who had been visited pediatrics in ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ university oriental hospital from 2001 to 2004. Results : The percentage of new patients decreased every year with 30.7% in 2001, 25.5% in 2002, 24.1% in 2003, 17.8% in 2004. The age distribution showed 9.9% in infancy patients, 62.6% in early childhood, 16.8% in late childhood, 10.6% in adolescence. The percentage of infants decreased every year with 13.3% in 2001, 9.4% in 2002, 8.8% in 2003, 7.1% in 2004. The percentage of adolescents increased every year with 8.0% in 2001, 9.6% in 2002, 12.8% in 2003, 13.5% in 2004. Systemic division of chief complaints was respiratory symtoms(37.6%), general symtoms(26.1%), digestive symtoms(19.2%), skin symtoms(6.8%), nervous and mental symtoms (6.1%), urinary symtoms(2.2%), musculoskeletal symtoms(1.3%) and others(0.7%) in order of frequency. The main chief complaints were nasal mucus/obstruction(17.5%), weakness(16.9%), cough(12.8%), loss of appetite(9.8%), inappropriate growth(4.3%), atopic skin problem(3.4%), repeated common cold(2.4%), abdominal pain(2.4%), vomiting (2.2%), diarrhea(2.0%) and fever (1.9%). Loss of appetite, inappropriate growth and repeated common cold increased every year. Diarrhea and convulsion decreased every year. Conclusions : The two main causes of visit of patients were respiratory problems and improvement of general condition. More data of patients should be accumulated for further study. Not only analysis according to chief complaint, but also analysis according to diagnosis will accomplish more aaccurate information about disease of childrens in the future.

• 한국비블리아학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.178-210
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• 1974

It needs to put into practice the systems analysis in the analysis of some operations and status of library for the purpose of systematizing the work of reforming in the new easier form to process, to storage, to retrieve and to make use of the increasing informations and data of library. In this study, some of systems which are generally using in every library was caught in the case study of K university library. Having analyzed them with the two methods of the flowcharting and mathematical analysis, we found the obstructive factors in operation. As the result of this research, it was gained the new system as the alternative one. A. Alternative System B. Advantages of alternative systems 1. In the reference room When it converts the present system into the new system, it can profit 6.771 won/user (13.815won-7.044won=6.771 won). Therefore, a half the average required cost of the present system can be saved. If this saving would be alloted for the cost 33,000won required to make the cataloging cards, it would be taken for 94 days (33,000 won ${\div}$ 6,771 won/user=4,874users. 4,874users ${\div}$ 52users/day=94days) to get it. The saving cost/year by the new system will be 95,417 won, and in the first year the initial cost (33,000won) reduces the saving cost to 62,417won. 2. In the periodical room The average required time for using the materials of the present system is 17 minutes/user and the average required cost/user is 23.775won, while the average required time of the new system is 4 minutes and the average required cost/user is 5.33won. Therefore, the new system has profit 4 times of the present system. Accordingly, it occurs when the dispersed periodical materials get together. 3. In the classification and cataloging When one processes - the oriental books - by the Linear Programming Technique, the maximum of the process can be increased from 11.6 volumes per librarian of the present system to 12 volumes per librarian of the new system increased 0.4 volume in a day, and cataloging by the manual printer can be shorten from 3 minutes per card of the present system to 1.5 minutes per card of the new system. Consequently, we can complete the other operations (books equipment, updating of cataloging cards, etc.) with 141 minutes which are saved in the course of the afore-mentioned works. 4. In the status of collections The average growth rate of 4 years from 1968 to 1971 is 9.825 %, and that of the purchased materials is 6.2% similar to the advanced nations, but it has the different position from 215,000 volumes by the Standard Degree for Establishment of College and University, and the difference between the total collections 151,671 volumes and Dunns' growth model ($N_t=N_oe^{-at}$) claimed by Leimkuhler 155,297 volumes in 1971 is 3,626 volumes, and for the purpose of compensation the difference, we found the fact that it needs to have the increased budget of 24~30% per year, Thus, if the budget of 24~30 % per year. Thus, if the budget would be increased per year as the rate of the afore-mentioned figure, it would be reached at the Standard Degree for Establishment of College and University in 1975, and thereafter, it can be decreased to the lebel which is able to maintain the growth rate of 5~6% per year.

• 의학교육논단
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.3-4
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• 2010

Purpose: Education provided in many Korean medical colleges still isn't free from the contents of the "2+4 year program." Korean medical colleges especially holds onto the belief that humanities must be taught to the lower grades. Methods: I introduced the six-year integrated program and reversed the order of the existing education program. The new program assigned anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry to the 1st years, and humanities subjects such as forensic medicine and medical ethics to the 4th, 5th, and 6th years. Results: Increased participation and interests among students. Conclusion: Occupational and Environmental Medicine (OEM) at the level of pre-medicine brings harm rather than good.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.7-11
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• 1980

6877 children who visited to pedodontic department from 1976 to 1979, were surveyed on the state of dental caries, therapic inclination a year and yearly tendency of treatment. The results were as follows ; 1. The prevalence of dental caries tended to show the increase in general year by year. 2. Girls had higher d.e.f. T. & S. index and D.M.F. T. & S. index than boys generally. 3. Distribution of therapy a year. (1979) Amalgam Filling 4464 Pulpotomy 952 S.P.-Crown 1538 Gold Inlay 250 Space Maintainer 341 Extraction 1313 Orthodontic Appliance 206 4. Tendency of treatment in 1979 (compared with 1976) No. of new patients 87.5% increased Amalgam Filling 50.0% increased Extraction 31.4% increased Orthodontic Appliance 267.9% increased S.P.-Crown 225.8% increased Gold Inlay 27.8% decreased Space Maintainer 2.3% decreased Pulpotomy 20.5% decreased.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.135-145
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• 2009

This study surveyed standardization activities of the International Standard Organization (ISO) Technical Committee 159 (TC 159) (ergonomics) in the year 2008. The subcommittee 1 (SC 1) dealing with general ergonomics principles produced one committee draft (CD). The subcommittee 3 (SC 3) dealing with anthropometry and biomechanics systematically reviewed two ISO standards issued in 2003 and 2004 respectively. The subcommittee 4 (SC 4) dealing with ergonomics of human system interaction issued 11 final draft international standards (FDIS), 3 draft international standards (DIS), 4 CDs, and 4 new work item proposals (NWIP). The SC 4 also systematically reviewed 10 international standards due on the year 2008. The subcommittee 5 (SC 5) dealing with ergonomics of the physical environment issued one FDIS, 3 CDs, and one NWIP. This paper summarized the major features of the FDIS approved by each subcommittee of TC 159 for publication in the year 2008.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.415-428
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• 2021

COVID-19로 인하여 도입된 원격 과학 수업은 이제 교사들에게 새로운 일상으로 받아들여진다. 이러한 상황에서 교사가 지난해의 실행을 습관적으로 되풀이하기보다는 변화하는 맥락을 적극적으로 해석하고, 맥락에 적절한 학습 환경을 조성하는 것이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 COVID-19로 인하여 시행된 원격 수업 2년 차 상황에서 교사가 문제를 인식하고, 이를 해결하는 실행에서 드러나는 교사 행위주체성과 이때의 맥락을 분석하였다. 특히, 2020년 4월에서부터 2021년 7월까지 16개월 동안 교사의 원격 과학 수업 실행을 추적하여 맥락에 따라 변화하는 교사의 행위주체성을 탐색하였다. 이를 위하여 중등학교 과학교사 3인을 대상으로 질적 사례 연구를 진행하였다. 연구 참여자와의 인터뷰, 연구 참여자가 사용한 교육자료를 수집하고, 이를 지속해서 검토하며 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 교사는 스스로 자신의 수업을 비판적으로 성찰함으로써 자신의 원격 과학 수업 실행에서의 문제를 인식하고 이를 해결하기 위한 행위주체성을 발현하거나 외부로부터의 변화에 능동적으로 적응하기 위하여 행위주체성을 발현하거나 자신이 추구하는 과학 교육을 원격 수업 상황에서도 구현하기 위하여 행위주체성을 발현하였다. 그리고 이 과정에서 지난해 원격 과학 수업을 실행한 경험 및 이로부터 축적된 실천적 지식, 자신의 실행에 대한 성찰, 원격 과학 수업에 대한 장·단기적 목표가 영향을 미쳤다. 또한, 교사가 속한 맥락에서 원격 수업의 질 제고를 추구하는 학교 공동체의 분위기나 교사 사이의 활발한 소통과 협력 역시 교사 행위주체성 발현을 촉진하였다. 본 연구는 우리나라 원격 과학 수업 상황에서 어떠한 과학교사 행위주체성이 발현되었는지 탐색하였으며, 이 과정에서 영향을 미친 맥락을 분석하였다. 또한, 같은 교사가 상황이 변화함에 따라 행위 주체성 발현에 어떠한 변화가 나타나는지, 그리고 그 과정에 영향을 미치는 맥락을 이해하기 위하여 교사의 개인적인 요인 및 맥락적 요인을 분석하였다. 이를 통하여 교사 행위주체성 발현을 지원할 수 있는 전략을 마련하는 데 시사점을 제시하고자 한다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.541-549
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• 2014

The monthly-average meteorological data, in particular, the monthly average daily terrestrial horizontal insolation are required for designing solar thermal energy systems. In this paper, the dynamic thermal performance of a flat plate solar collector system is numerically investigated through a year from the monthly average insolation data in Seoul. For a specified data set of solar collector system, the dynamic behaviors of total solar radiation on the tilted collector surfaces, heat loss from the collector system, useful energy and collector efficiency are analyzed from January to December by a mathematical simulation model. In addition, the monthly average daily total solar radiation, useful energy, and daily collector efficiencies through a year are estimated. The simulated results show that the average total radiation is highest in March and the useful energy is highest in October, while the total radiation and the collector efficiency are lowest in July.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.507-517
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• 1996

To explain the horizontal expansion of a rhizomatous perennial, Convallaria keiskei(lily-of-the-valley), in a study site of Chunchon, Kangwon Province, Korea, ramet growth and clonal structure were studied. Remarkable growth stategies were clarified. First, the timing for the successive phenological events such as sprouting. flowering and rhizome growth for lily-of-the-valley was fitted to exploit early spring when the canopy of overstory was opened. Second, these events were supported by effective matter allocation pattern: for example, two-year investment for new rhizomes enabled the first year ramets to mature in six weeks after sprouting and to grow up to 85% of the leaf area of perennial ramets. Finally, the ramet population was increased by local disturbances such as freezing, herbivory and collection by human. The rule that a clone was supposed to produce one new thizome per year was broken by occasional disturbances. Then, up to 5rhizomes from latent bur could be redeveloped. Based on clonal structure, 80% or total clones have from 1 to 4 ramets. this means there have occurred minor disturbances. Therefore, in conclusion, the successful flourishing of lily-of-the-valley came from its effective frowth strategy to take advantage of site disturbance.