• 한국농공학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.4116-4120
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• 1976

With the use of many rivers increased nearly to the capacity, the need for information concerning daily quantities of water and the total annual or seasonal runoff has became increased. A systematic record of the flow of a river is commonly made in terms of the mean daily discharge Since. a single observation of stage is converted into discharge by means of rating curve, it is essential that the stage discharge relations shall be accurately established. All rating curves have the looping effect due chiefly to channel storage and variation in surface slope. Loop rating curves are most characteristic on streams with somewhat flatter gradients and more constricted channels. The great majority of gauge readings are taken by unskilled observers once a day without any indication of whether the stage is rising or falling. Therefore, normal rating curves shall show one discharge for one gauge height, regardless of falling or rising stage. The above reasons call for the correction of the discharge measurements taken on either side of flood waves to the theoretical steady-state condition. The correction of the discharge measurement is to consider channel storage and variation in surface slope. (1) Channel storage As the surface elevation of a river rises, water is temporarily stored in the river channel. There fore, the actual discharge at the control section can be attained by substracting the rate of change of storage from the measured discharge. (2) Variation in surface slope From the Manning equation, the steady state discharge Q in a channel of given roughness and cross-section, is given as {{{{Q PROPTO SQRT { 1} }}}} When the slope is not equal, the actual discharge will be {{{{ { Q}_{r CDOT f } PROPTO SQRT { 1 +- TRIANGLE I} CDOT TRIANGLE I }}}} may be expressed in the form of {{{{ TRIANGLE I= { dh/dt} over {c } }}}} and the celerity is approximately equal to 1.3 times the mean watrr velocity. Therefore, The steady-state discharge can be estimated from the following equation. {{{{Q= { { Q}_{r CDOT f } } over { SQRT { (1 +- { A CDOT dh/dt} over {1.3 { Q}_{r CDOT f }I } )} } }}}} If a sufficient number of observations are available, an alternative procedure can be applied. A rating curve may be drawn as a median line through the uncorrected values. The values of {{{{ { 1} over {cI } }}}} can be yielded from the measured quantities of Qr$.$f and dh/dt by use of Eq. (7) and (8). From the 1/cI v. stage relationship, new vlues of 1/cI are obtained and inserted in Eq. (7) and (8) to yield the steady-state discharge Q. The new values of Q are then plotted against stage as the corrected steadystate curve.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.275-278
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• 2006

전자기후도의 대중홍보 및 사용자 접근성 개선을 위해 개방구조의 Google Earth 플랫폼 상에서 전자기후도를 시연할 수 있는 시스템을 구축하였다. 전국 56개 기상관서에서 1971-2000 기간 중 관측한 일 최고 및 최저기온자료를 토대로 270 m 해상도로 규모를 축소시킨 평년 전자기후도와 2011-2100 기간 중 예상 기온편차를 더한 미래 전자기후도, 이 자료에 근거하여 추정한 벚꽃개화기 분포도, 충북 청원지역에 한해 미세지형의 효과를 반영한 30 m 해상도 전자기후도 및 벚꽃개화일 예상도 등을 이미지 파일로 변환하였다. 이들을 이용하여 사용자와 상호작용 없이 현재, 20년후, 50년후, 80년후의 벚꽃개화일, 최저기온, 최고기온을 표현하는 시스템을 KML로 제작하였다. 이 시스템을 구현하기 위해 Windows XP 환경에서 Google Earth 4beta를 사용하였으며 Apache 2.2.3과 PHP 5.1.6 기반의 웹 서버를 구동하였다. 효과적인 시연을 위해 30인치 크기의 고해상도 대형 모니터를 사용하였으며 중첩될 이미지들도 이러한 해상도에 맞추어 제작되었다. 이 시스템을 이용한 전자기후도 시연회가 여러 차례 성공적으로 개최되었다.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.269-274
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• 2010

목적: 새로운 적청사위시표(Red-Blue phoria chart; RBP) 검사의 신뢰성을 평가하였다. 방법: 38명을 대상으로 원거리(5m), 근거리(40cm) 사위량을 측정하였다. RBP 시표 사위검사, 하웰시표 사위검사(HP), 그리고 Muscle Imbalance Measure (MIM) 시표 사위검사를 실시하고 검사에 대한 신뢰도를 서로 비교하였다. 결과: 수평 사위도는 원거리 RBP $-0.6{\pm}0.727{\Delta}$, HP $-0.87{\pm}1.051{\Delta}$, MIM $-1.50{\pm}1.346{\Delta}$, 근거리 RBP $-2.57{\pm}2.352{\Delta}$, HP $-2.80{\pm}2.411{\Delta}$, MIM $-3.84{\pm}2.603{\Delta}$로 측정되었다. 검사 신뢰도는 원거리의 경우 RBP>MIM>HP 순이었고, 근거리의 경우 MIM>RBP>HP 순으로 나타났다. 결론: RBP 검사법은 신뢰도가 높은 사위검사법으로 판명되었다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.151-160
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction of progesterone with various cyclodextrins (CDs) in the aqueous solution and in solid state, and finally to formulate a parenteral aqueous formulation. CDs used were ${\alpha}-$, ${\beta}-$, and ${\gamma}-CD$, $2-hydroxypropyl-{\beta}-CD$ (HPCD), sulfobutyl $ether-{\beta}-CD$ (SBCD), $dimethyl-{\beta}-CD$ (DMCD) and $trimethyl-{\beta}-CD$ (TMCD). The solubility studies of progesterone were performed in the presence of various CDs as a function of concentration or temperature. The solubility of progesterone increased in the rank order of ${\alpha}-CD$ < ${\beta}-CD$ < ${\gamma}-CD$ < TMCD$ < HPCD < DMCD < SBCD. Addition of SBCD (200 mg/ml) in water increased the aqueous solubility $(9.36\;{\mu}g/ml)$ about 3,200 times, and lowering the temperature facilitated the solubilization of progesterone. However, the addition of HPCD and SBCD in 20:80 (v/v) polyethylene glycol 300-water and propylene glycol-water cosolvents markedly decreased the solubility of progesterone, compared with solubilizing effects in water. Physical mixtures and solid dispersions of progesterone with HPCD or SBCD were prepared, and evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), near IR spectroscopy and dissolution studies. By DSC and IR studies, it was found that progesterone was dispersed in HPCD in monotectic state and dissolved rapidly from both solid dispersions. Based on solubility studies, new aqueous progesterone fonnulations (5 mg/ml) containing SBCD (200 mg/ml) could be prepared and did not form precipitates even after 2 months at $4^{\circ}C$. The solution was transparent when mixed with normal saline and 5% dextrose injection at 1: 1, 1:10 and 1:20 (v/v) even after 7 days. Permeation rates of progesterone through a cellulose membrane from 20% PEG 300 solution $(50\;{\mu}g/ml)$ containing HPCD or SBCD were compared with oily formulation. Permeation of progesterone from oily formulation did not occur up to 8 hr, but aqueous formulations showed fast permeation rates from early stage of permeation study. The addition of HPCD or SBCD retarded the permeation rates of progesterone with the increase of CD concentrations, suggesting the possibility of a controlled absorption from the site administered intramuscularly. These results demonstrate that it is feasible to develop a new progesterone parenteral aqueous injection (5 mg/ml) using SBCD.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.365-372
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Owing to health concerns related to the consumption of traditional snacks high in sugars and fats, much effort has been made to develop functional snacks with low calorie content. In this study, a new recipe for Korean rice cookie, dasik, was developed and its antioxidative, lipid-lowering, and anti-inflammatory effects and related mechanisms were elucidated. The effects were compared with those of traditional rice cake dasik (RCD), the lipid-lowering effect of which is greater than that of traditional western-style cookies. MATERIALS/METHODS: Ginseng-added brown rice dasik (GBRD) was prepared with brown rice flour, fructooligosaccharide, red ginseng extract, and propolis. Mice were grouped (n = 7 per group) into those fed a normal AIN-76 diet, a high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD supplemented with RCD or GBRD. Dasik in the HFD accounted for 7% of the total calories. The lipid, reactive oxygen species, and peroxynitrite levels, and degree of lipid peroxidation in the plasma or liver were determined. The expression levels of proteins involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation, and those of antioxidant enzymes were determined by western blot analysis. RESULTS: The plasma and hepatic total cholesterol concentrations in the GBRD group were significantly decreased via downregulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (P < 0.05). The hepatic peroxynitrite level was significantly lower, whereas glutathione was higher, in the GBRD group than in the RCD group. Among the antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significantly upregulated in the GBRD group (P < 0.05). In addition, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-${\kappa}B$) expression in the GBRD group was significantly lower than that in the RCD group. CONCLUSIONS: GBRD decreases the plasma and hepatic cholesterol levels by downregulating cholesterol synthesis. This new dasik recipe also improves the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory status in HFD-fed mice via CAT and GPx upregulation and NF-${\kappa}B$ downregulation. These effects were significantly higher than those of RCD.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2020

Purpose: The growth of online commerce is now becoming a major threat and a new opportunity for retailers. Existing offline retailers struggle to cope with new online retailers' threats by utilizing offline infrastructure. Besides, online retailers expand their online strengths to offline sales by opening their offline stores. Many retailers are paying close attention to the O2O business and the resulting changes. Thus, this research focuses on the O2O business model and process that retailers can adopt. Research design, data and methodology: Considering the features of products that retailers sell, this paper divides O2O business process with the following criteria: delivery lead-time and delivery area. And This research uses the business model canvas to define the features of O2O commerce business process. This paper also uses nine key elements in the business model canvas for analyzing the structure of O2O commerce business. Results: This paper suggests the delivery model of retailers respond to offline customer orders and summarizes the following results. (1) Considering characteristics such as logistics process, delivery area, and product type, we define the features of O2O business models: wide-area (warehouse) based O2O business model, regional area (store) based O2O business model and time-separated O2O business model. (2) This study checks the availability of the business model through the business cases of O2O business models. (3) This study also analyzes the O2O business model of domestic retail companies by the factors defined in the business model canvas. Conclusions: Retailers can adopt the O2O business process to fit their business requirements and strategy. The online retailers who deal with normal consumer products mainly have the wide-area based O2O business model. The wide-area based O2O business model can be suitable for retailers who manage inventory centrally. The time-separated O2O business model can be a good solution for fresh food retailers to operate the logistics process efficiently. And to shorten the delivery lead-time of fresh foods, the regional area based O2O business model can be fit to the retailer that utilizes its offline logistics or sales infrastructure. It may be much more important for retailers to share the inventory information with other branches and to change the role of offline stores.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.351-363
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• 2007

유성견에서 periodontal distraction 과정을 통해 급속 견인 후에 치수와 치주조직의 변화를 평가하였다. 유성견의 상악 제2소구치를 발거하고 제3소구치 근심의 치간골을 부분 제거하였다. 견인장치는 6일 동안 하루에 2번씩 견인하고, 강화기 동안 0주, 1주, 3주, 5주, 7주, 9주에 치수와 치주조직의 변화를 임상적, 방사선학적, 조직학적, 면역조직화화학적으로 관찰하였다. 신장된 치주인대 내에서 견인 직후부터 4주까지 활발한 골밀도 증가를 보였으며, 특히 2-3주 사이에서 가장 활발하였다. 강화기 0주에 압박측 치조골의 흡수 및 파골세포 출현, 염증세포 침윤이 가장 많이 관찰되었고 1주의 신장측 치주인대에서 특징적인 골형성을 보이기 시작하였다. 신생골 형성은 1주와 3주에 가장 많이 관찰되었으며 9주에는 성숙골로의 대치 및 치주인대의 재생으로 대조군과 차이가 없었다. 실험군의 calcitonin gene-related peptide의 발현은 치수, 치주인대 내의 염증 부위에서 나타났으며 0주, 1주에 압박측 치주인대에서 증가하였다가 5주 이후에는 감소하여 대조군과 차이가 없었다. 이상과 같은 소견은 periodontal distraction에 의한 급속 치아 이동이 정상적인 골 재형성 과정을 도모하는 새로운 치아이동 방법이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.301-307
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• 2004

The flap considered at first for the reconstruction of large maxillary defect, especially mid-face defect, is scapular free flap, because it provides ample composite tissue which can be designed 3-dimensionally for orbital, facial and oral reconstruction. In case of maxillary defect involving hard palate, however, this flap has some limitations. First, its bulk prevents oral function and physio-anatomic reconstruction of nasal and oral cavity. Second, mobility and thickness of cutaneous paddle covering the alveolar area reduce retention of tissue-supported denture and give rise to peri-implantitis when implant is installed. Third, lateral border of scapula that is to reconstruct maxillary arch and hold implants is straight, not U-shaped maxillary arch form. To overcome these problems, new concept of step prefabrication technique was provided to a 27-year-old male patient who had been suffering from a complete hard palate and maxillary alveolar ridge defect. In the first stage, scapular osteomuscular flap was elevated, tailored to fit the maxillary defect, particulated autologous bone was placed subperiosteally to simulate U-shaped alveolar process, and then wrapped up with split thickness skin graft(STSG, 0.3mm thickness). Two months later, thus prefabricated new flap was elevated and microtransferred to the palato-maxillary defect. After 6 months, 10 implant fixtures were installed along the reconstructed maxillary alveolus, with following final prosthetic rehabilitation. The procedure was very successful and patient is enjoying normal rigid diet and speech.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.4137-4141
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• 2016

Background: A recent guideline by the American Cancer Society recommended that mammography (MMG) should be done for women starting in their mid-40s. In Thailand, information on opportunistic mammography screening is limited and data on the total incidence of breast cancer are also lacking. The purpose of this study was to estimate the breast cancer detection, incident and prevalence rates among Thai women. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the opportunistic mammography screening of normal women between 30 and 80 years who underwent the procedure between 2001 and 2010. All cases were followed until 2012. The detection rate was calculated for the whole period of observation using 'number of women with positive findings' divided by 'total number of women screened'. The incidence rate was calculated only at the first MMG while the subsequence rate was calculated based on all new cases detected at each subsequent MMG. Results: Among the 47,430 women, there were 152,091 MMGs or approximately 3.2 occasions per person (range, 1-10). The average duration of the interval between each subsequence visit was 1.8 years. Overall, breast cancer was detected in 543 women, with a detection rate of 10.3 per 1,000 persons. The prevalence rate of breast cancer at the first visit was 5.78 per 1,000 persons. The incidence or new cases detected at any follow-up visit was 10.4 per 1,000 persons. The overall interval cancer was 0.91 per 1,000 women, mainly detected before their second and third MMG, with a rate of 0.0.47 and 0.76 per 1,000 women. Conclusions: Opportunistic mammography screening in Thailand detected 10 case of breast cancer from each 1,000 women. This paper indicated a high rate of cancer detection during a two year interval, hence, a screening mammogram should be performed more often.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.611-620
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• 2006

보의 전단 메커니즘을 구성하는 보 작용과 아치 작용은 전단경간비(a/d)에 따라 그 존재 비율이 바뀔 뿐, 항상 공존한다. 그러나 대부분의 제안식들은 이를 함께 고려하지 않으며, 단순히 a/d=2.5를 기준으로 식의 형태를 나누어 제시하는 것에 그치고 있다. 또한 현 설계 기준은 과거의 일반 강도 콘크리트를 기준으로 설립되었기 때문에, 현재 사용 추세가 점차 증가하고 있는 고강도 콘크리트에 적용하기에는 다소 한계점이 있다. 이러한 문제점을 보완하고자, 본 연구에서는 a/d의 범위에 구애받지 않으며 고강도의 콘크리트에서도 사용이 가능한 전단 강도 예측식을 제안하였다. 보 작용과 아치 작용을 동시에 고려하기 위해 Jenq과 Shah 모델을 바탕으로 축방향에 따른 철근의 응력 변화를 산정하여, 단면의 모멘트로부터 전단 강도를 산출하였다. 보다 정확한 예측식의 제안을 위하여 장부 작용과 전단 마찰과 같은 2차적인 작용들 역시 제안식에 포함시켰으며, 크기 효과도 반영하였다. 식의 상수를 결정하고 식의 형태를 간략화하기 위해 다량의 실험 자료를 이용하여 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 제안식을 콘크리트의 압축강도($f'_c$), 전단경간비(a/d), 철근비($\rho$), 보의 유효 깊이(d), 철근의 항복강도($f_y$)의 변수를 기준으로 기존의 식들과 비교 검증한 결과, 제안식이 보다 정확하고 합리적인 예측을 하는 것으로 판명되었다. 또한 제안식의 변수별 거동 양상 역시 실험값과 비교적 일치하는 것으로 나타났다.