• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.63-70
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• 1994

In this Paper, we propose a new codeword tying algorithm based on a tree structured classfier. The proposed algorithm which can be viewed as a kind of soft decision using statistical properties between codewords and states has an advantage of fast construction, and guarantees a unique optimal solution. Also, it can easily be applied to any speech recognition system based on discrete hidden Markov model (HMM). Experimental results on speaker-independent isolated word recognition show error reduction of $6\%$ for the codebook of size 256 and $9\%$ for 512 size and also HMM parameter reduction of about $20\%$.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.623-628
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• 2012

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs; TIMP-1, -2, -3 and -4) are endogenous inhibitor for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that are responsible for remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM) and involved in migration, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. Unlike under normal conditions, the imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs is associated with various diseased states. Among TIMPs, TIMP-1, a 184-residue protein, is the only N-linked glycoprotein with glycosylation sites at N30 and N78. The structural analysis of the catalytic domain of human stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) and human TIMP-1 suggests new possibilities of the role of TIMP-1 glycan moieties as a tuner for the proteolytic activities by MMPs. Because the TIMP-1 glycosylation participate in the interaction, aberrant glycosylation of TIMP-1 presumably affects the interaction, thereby leading to pathogenic dysfunction in cancer cells. TIMP-1 has not only the cell proliferation activities but also anti-oncogenic properties. Cancer cells appear to utilize these bilateral aspects of TIMP-1 for cancer progression; an elevated TIMP-1 level exerts to cancer development via MMP-independent pathway during the early phase of tumor formation, whereas it is the aberrant glycosylation of TIMP-1 that overcome the high anti-proteolytic burden. The aberrant glycosylation of TIMP-1 can thus be used as staging and/or prognostic biomarker in colon cancer.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.1
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• pp.321-350
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• 1997

This thesis is an attempt to find out ways and means needed to improve the disaster management system in Korea(Chap. Ⅰ). For this purpose, I have first reviewed various crisis management systems of foreign countries such as the United States, England and Japan(Chap. Ⅱ), and also reviewed that of our own country(Chap. Ⅲ). All of us knows that our disaster management system has been reestablished through the enactment of the Disaster Management Act of 1995 and the full revision of Natural Harzards Management Act of 1995 after a series of catastrophic man-made disasters since 1993. I took a general survey of the contents and characteristics of the newly made Disaster Management Act(Chap. Ⅳ), and Finally, as a conclusion of this research(Chap. V), I indicated a few disputed points on the Disaster Management Act and suggested several alternatives to improve our crisis management system. The alternatives suggested are as follows (1) Reinforcement of prevention-centered policy and expansion of investment (2) Specialization of the crisis management man-power and securing the rescue equipment (3) Arrangement of the various lessons on crisis and reinforcement of educational training against the disasters (4) Building the cooperative systems between the civil organizations (5) An opinion towards the issues on the unifying the law systems and reorganizaing the new independent institution for the crisis management

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.363-447
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• 2009

The author previously defined the spectral invariants, denoted by $\rho(H;\;a)$, of a Hamiltonian function H as the mini-max value of the action functional ${\cal{A}}_H$ over the Novikov Floer cycles in the Floer homology class dual to the quantum cohomology class a. The spectrality axiom of the invariant $\rho(H;\;a)$ states that the mini-max value is a critical value of the action functional ${\cal{A}}_H$. The main purpose of the present paper is to prove this axiom for nondegenerate Hamiltonian functions in irrational symplectic manifolds (M, $\omega$). We also prove that the spectral invariant function ${\rho}_a$ : $H\;{\mapsto}\;\rho(H;\;a)$ can be pushed down to a continuous function defined on the universal (${\acute{e}}tale$) covering space $\widetilde{HAM}$(M, $\omega$) of the group Ham((M, $\omega$) of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms on general (M, $\omega$). For a certain generic homotopy, which we call a Cerf homotopy ${\cal{H}}\;=\;\{H^s\}_{0{\leq}s{\leq}1}$ of Hamiltonians, the function ${\rho}_a\;{\circ}\;{\cal{H}}$ : $s\;{\mapsto}\;{\rho}(H^s;\;a)$ is piecewise smooth away from a countable subset of [0, 1] for each non-zero quantum cohomology class a. The proof of this nondegenerate spectrality relies on several new ingredients in the chain level Floer theory, which have their own independent interest: a structure theorem on the Cerf bifurcation diagram of the critical values of the action functionals associated to a generic one-parameter family of Hamiltonian functions, a general structure theorem and the handle sliding lemma of Novikov Floer cycles over such a family and a family version of new transversality statements involving the Floer chain map, and many others. We call this chain level Floer theory as a whole the Floer mini-max theory.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 2013

The outbreak of the First and the Second World Wars cast great shadow across the Europe including mathematical society. The IMU led by French mathematicians after the First World War ceased to exist because it was used politically. As Europe ran into the Second World War, all the international mathematical activities were ceased. Prominent mathematicians were put into camp by Nazi or moved to the United States of America. After the war, European mathematicians did not have capacity to represent the international mathematical society anymore. This led Stone and other American mathematicians to form the new IMU, which was independent of political ideology. This paper studies the birth process of the new IMU after the War and some major events that happened to ICM in 1950s.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.37-52
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• 2012

In this study, a new 4-node general shell element with 6 DOFs per node is presented. Drilling rotational degrees of freedom are introduced by the variational principle with an independent rotation field. In formulation of the element, substitute transverse shear strain fields are used to avoid shear locking, while four nonconforming modes are applied in the in-plane displacement fields as a remedy for membrane locking. In addition, a direct modification method for nonconforming modes is employed in the numerical implementation of nonconforming modes to represent constant strain states. A 9-points integration rule is adopted for volume integration in the computation of the element stiffness matrix. With the combined use of these techniques, the developed shell element has no spurious zero energy modes, and can represent a constant strain state. Several numerical tests are carried out to evaluate the performance of the new element developed. The test results show that the behavior of the elements is satisfactory.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.600-607
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• 2020

Phytophthora capsici Leonian is a major pathogen of pepper worldwide and few resistance sources to this pathogen have been identified so far. The goals of this study were to identify new sources of resistance against P. capsici in Capsicum landraces and analyze the relationship between the resistance indicator of plant symptoms and some plant phenotype parameters of plant height, stem width, leaf length and leaf width. Thirty-two landraces of pepper were collected from fourteen states in Mexico. From each population, 36 plants were inoculated with 10,000 zoospores of P. capsici under controlled conditions. This experiment was repeated twice. Out of the 32 landraces, six showed high level of resistance, four showed intermediate resistance and five showed low level of resistance when compared with the susceptible control 'Bravo' and the resistant control 'CM334', indicating that these landraces are promising novel sources of resistance to P. capsici. There was no correlation between the symptoms and plant phenotype parameters. However, these parameters were not affected in the group classified as highly resistant, indicating that P. capsici does not affect the growing of these resistant pepper landraces. The other resistant groups were significantly affected in a differently manner regarding their phenotype, indicating that this pathogen reduce their growth in different ways. This study reports novel resistance sources with great potential that could be used in breeding programs to develop new pepper cultivars with durable resistance to P. capsici.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.62-71
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• 2024

The incidence of diabetes is continuously increasing worldwide, resulting in a considerable socioeconomic burden. Glycemic control using traditional diabetes medications prevents microvascular complications; however, there is no objective evidence that it prevents macrovascular complications. In the 21st century, concerns have arisen that strict glycemic control and the diabetes drug rosiglitazone might increase mortality. This led the United States Food and Drug Administration to establish guidelines that require that cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) with 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events (3-P MACE) as the primary endpoints be performed for new diabetes drugs. Since then, 20 CVOTs have been reported. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors do not increase the incidence of cardiovascular disease; however, saxagliptin increases the risk of heart failure. Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors (SGLT2is) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) not only have proven cardiovascular safety but also have shown results beyond expectations by reducing the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, SGLT2is have been reported to markedly prevent heart failure and kidney disease. The reduction in 3-P MACE by GLP-1RAs was observed only with long-acting agents; long-acting GLP-1RAs also markedly reduced renal endpoints. However, no preventive effect against heart failure was observed with GLP-1RAs. The preventive effects of both drug types against cardiovascular and kidney diseases appear to be independent of glycemic control. In conclusion, based on CVOT results, it is necessary to actively prescribe SGLT2is and GLP-1RAs to prevent cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes, regardless of glycemic control.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.181-212
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• 2018

In 2017, the government of Duterte, in the second year of the ruling, more strongly promoted peace and order policies and expressed independent diplomacy as the chairman of ASEAN. He continued to fight against drugs and tried to increase his political legitimacy through the punishment for corrupt officials. He also declared martial law in the Mindanao region because of the dissolution of the Maute group, a Muslim terrorist organization, and strengthened counterterrorism cooperation externally. In addition, as to Communist militants, he took the initial reconciliation gesture and promoted peace negotiations, however, concluded the peace tide and started the suppression operation due to a series of bloodshed. He still has a strong drive in peace and order issues, backed up by high support rate, but it is becoming a factor of anxiety as the socioeconomically underprivileged and minority groups are increasingly alienated. As the chairman of ASEAN, Duterte has a certain distance from the United States, which is a firm ally, but has turned to increase familiarity with China and Russia, which can take substantial economic benefits. Through diversifying the external economic support and increase of tax revenue, the priority task was to establish the infrastructure. Although the Philippines, which has a high economic growth rate, has a strong expectation that it can establish a solid infrastructure, tax reforms should be successfully completed in order not to repeat the previous failures, which has traditionally increased foreign debt burden by relying on external resources. It seems that it is necessary to find the meeting point of the foreign policy of Duterte and new Korean government's New Southern Policy, and to find possible economic cooperation policies to improve Philippine infrastructure.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.25
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• pp.109-141
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• 1996

This research pertains to the interpretation of the many characteristics of the growing process of Library and Information Science in Korea with respect to its connection with discussion of the system of discipline. The result of the research are as follows. The Library and Information Science in Korea has gone through three distinct stages. The first stage spans the period from the late 50s to the 1960s during which three was an attempt to establish a relatively independent system of scholarship of Library and Information Science, although it was still heavily reliant on scholarship from Japan and the United States. The main characteristics of this first period is, firstly, that there a n.0, ppeared, for the first time, an awareness of a need to escape the attitude of foreign-orientation and to develop our own scholarship. Secondly, an effort was made to constitute the scholarship as a science (social science). Thirdly, there began a faint effort to import and a n.0, pply Information Science. The second stage covers the period between the 70s and the 80s, and saw the induction of Information Science begin in earnest and become the subject of education and research. The period was also marked by exploration of an alternative term to "Library Science", which was at the time being used. In addition, the period was a time of confusion for the examination of scholarship due to the induction of the new field of Information Science to what had already been a fragile structure of scholarship. This phenomenon served to intensify the doubts which had surfaced about existing term of Library Science, and ultimately played a large role in the a n.0, ppearance of the new term of Library and Information Science. Of course, there were a number of reasons which had made the change of term difficult, but it and be seen that the term change began in earnest after the change was adopted in the names of the university departments associated with the field in the late 80s. The third stage covers the period after the begining of the 90s. This stage saw the prominence of criticism and self-examination of the existing distorted foundational structure of Library and Information Sciences in Korea at the time, and, at the same time, a new methodology or research paradigms were advocated. It was a presenation of a new way of achieving a "Korean Library and Information Science" in order to understand and overcome not only the problems within the Korean libraries, but also within Library and Information Science in Korea. This caused repercussions to be felt not only among academics, but also among those actually working within the library systems. It moved academics toward a more practical scholarship, it inspired the prominence of a new scholarly methodology called a reform in academic writing, and even influenced specific research activities.research activities.