• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 1979

This study was directed to the Peizootics of Newcastle disease in Korea. Since 1960 New-castle disease epizootics have been observed at an interval of one or two years. The frequency of Newcastle disease outbreaks was related to the amount of the vaccine used, being the more sufficient vaccine produced the fewer outbreaks. Regional distribution of Newcastle disease outbreaks was most frequent in the capital area, being the center of poultry raising and Poultry product marketing, and infrequent in areas distant from the capital. Spreading of Newcastle disease appears to be mainly due to the movement of infected chickens. More than 60 percent of the total outbreaks of Newcastle disease diagnosed at the Veterinary Research Institute in Anyang were observed in young chickens aged less than 60 days. Improper vaccination, interference by maternally derived antibody with the immune response following vaccination, ana immaturity of immune systems of young chickens might have contributed to the results. This view was further supported by the findings that 23 percent of the total flocks experienced Newcastle disease were not vaccinated at all and, in vaccinated flocks, virtually all of the flocks were vaccinated by the drinking water method, which has been known less effective compared to individual application or spraying methods.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 1981

A study was conducted to determine whether the vaccination programs for the control of New castle disease (ND) would affect the immune status of birds against the disease. Twenty-six poultry flocks in the epizootic area of ND were surveyed to investigate the level of urn antibody against ND virus and the programs used for the vaccination of birds. The mortality rates and vaccination status of birds during the epizootic of ND were also examined in the infected poultry flocks to elucidate the immune effect against the epizootic with particular regard to various vaccination programs used in the field. The results obtained are summerized as follows: 1. Of 26 poultry flocks investigated, 22 flocks were immunized with live and killed vaccines, their haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titer being 146 and 50, respectively. Among 22 farms using live and killed vaccines two flocks which showed the lowest HI titer of 10 and 23 had the disease later on. However, no cases of ND were recorded in the killed vaccine groups, although their HI titers were in the range of 38 to 64. 2. Of 14 infected flecks, one flock was not vaccmated against ND while all the remaining 13 flocks were vaccinated against the disease, of which 8 flocks were vaccinated with live vaccine only and the other 5 flocks with both live and killed vaccines. The mortality rate of 8 infected flocks which had been vaccinated with only live vaccine was as high as 32.5% while that of 5 flocks with both live and killed vaccines was as low as 5.1%. 3. It was found that in majority of flocks B$_1$vaccine was used via drinking water and in a few flocks the vaccine was administered via intramuscular route or method of dipping mouth, nose and eye of birds into vaccine solution.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.309-314
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• 2012

The study was undertaken to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of rapid Avian Influenza (AI) and Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) combo antigen kits from field samples of domestic (broiler and layer chicken, native chicken) and semi-domestic (duck, goose, pigeon and quail) birds of Bangladesh. Samples were collected from naturally infected AI suspected domestic and semi-domestic birds of five different outbreak areas in Bangladesh. From each area two birds were selected for sampling, and from each bird three types of samples (tracheal, cloacal and oro-nasal swabs) were collected. A total of 210 field samples from a total of 70 birds were collected and tested using AI and NDV combo antigen rapid diagnostic kits in the study. All three different samples from a bird showed similar pattern of reaction. Out of 210 samples, 15 samples (5 birds), 63 samples (21 birds) and 27 samples (9 birds) were positive for AIV, NDV and both for AIV and NDV, respectively; whereas the remaining birds were negative for either AIV or NDV in this screening test. Among the five AIV positive, a layer chicken from wet market in Mymensingh, Netrokona, Gibandha and Kurigram and a native chicken from wet market in Kurigram area was positive to AIV. The semi-domestic birds are either positive to NDV or free from both AIV and NDV. This study revealed that the AIV and NDV rapid diagnostic kits could be effectively use to diagnose the respective virus in trachea, oro-nasal and cloacal samples simultaneously. AIV-NDV combo Ag test result clearly indicates that the test kit designed for AIV and NDV could diagnose the disease rapidly with less effort and higher scientific know how which could be used for the detection of AIV and NDV using field samples in large scale.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2001

Newcastle disease virus, CBP-1 strain isolated from Korean pheasants was passaged for 173 times by 9-day-old specific pathogenic free (SPF) embryonated eggs at $37^{\circ}C$ (parent strain) and subsequently passaged for 15 (cold attenuation (CA) -15) and 30(cold attenuation (CA) -30) times by 10-day-old of commercial broiler chicks embryonated eggs at $29^{\circ}C$, respectively, The Physical and chemical properties (sensitivity to lipid solvents, low pH and thermostability), pathogenicity (mean death time, intracerebral pathogenic index and intravenous patho-genic index), safety, booster or protective effect and characterization of temperature sensitivity were measured in cold attenuated CA-15 or 30 strain and compared to those of parent CBP-1 strain. NDV, CBP-1 CA-30 strain acquired cold attenuation and decreased infectivity at $41^{\circ}C$ compared to those of parent strain grown at $37^{\circ}C$. It lost hemagglutination activity (HA) and cell infectivity at $56^{\circ}C$ for 30, 60, and 120 Min. CA-30 strain treated with ethyl ether also lost its HA and cell infectivity. Both CA-30 and parent strains exhibited a little resistant to HA at pH 3.0 glycine HCI buffer. Intracerebral pathogenic index (ICPI) and intravenous pathogenic index (IVPI) of parent strain were 1.12 and 1.45, but decreased to 0.75 and 0.00 in CA-30 strain, respectively. The safety was evaluated by mortality in chicks inoculated with 10$^{4.0}$ EID$_{50}$ /0.1 ml. The mortalities of parent, CA-30 and commercial Bl strains were 17.5, 12.0 and 0.0%, respectively. The safety of CA-30 strain was higher than that of parent strain. The booster effects of CA-30 strain and parent strain performed in 4-week-old chicks after being vaccinated with primary commercial Bl strain.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.5
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• pp.962-980
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• 2024

Antimicrobial resistance poses challenges to humans and animals, especially to the poultry sector in control of fowl typhoid with antibiotics, leading to increased mortality and food insecurity. Therefore, it is essential to develop more effective medications as alternatives to antibiotics. Currently, zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles are of such significant interest due to their antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles against fowl typhoid in broilers. Ninety broiler chicks were raised under suitable management conditions. On day 10 of age, chicks were divided into six groups: control negative, control positive, T₁, T₂, T₃, and T₄. On day 19 of age, chicks in all groups except control negative were infected with Salmonella gallinarum (0.2 mL, 10⁸ CFU/mL). After appearance of clinical signs, the treatments (Florfenicol; 50 mg/L drinking water [T₁], and zinc oxide + copper oxide nanoparticles; 25 + 10 mg/kg/d [T₂], 37.5 + 15 mg/kg/d [T₃], and 50 + 20 mg/kg/d [T₄]) were administered to chicks. Chicks were sacrificed on 26th and 30th day of age, and samples of blood and tissue were obtained. Hematological analysis with gross and histopathological examination of spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius was performed. Results revealed that there was no visible congestion in spleen and thymus of T₃ and T₄ at 11th day post infection. Antibody level against new castle's disease and lymphoproliferative response showed no significant difference in all groups. However, phagocytic response in nanoparticles treated groups exhibited a notable (p < 0.01) distinction compared to control positive. Notably, T₃ demonstrated the highest level of phagocytic activity. Hematological parameters, including lymphocytes, heterophils, eosinophils, and heterophils/lymphocytes ratio in groups T₂, T₃, and T₄, indicated significant (p < 0.01) difference compared to control positive. However, lymphocytes, heterophils, and heterophils/lymphocytes ratio in groups T₂, T₃, and T₄ showed no significant difference when compared to T₁. Nanoparticle treated groups showed decreased (p < 0.01) congestion of spleen and thymus as compared to control positive. Overall, zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles have potential to serve as an alternative to florfenicol in treatment of fowl typhoid.