• 한국의류학회지
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.1376-1386
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• 2008

The purposes of this study were to explore the techniques of neutralization on unethical customer return behaviors, examine the differences in the neutralizations by customer characteristics, and examine the relationships of neutralizations with customer ethics, anomie, and impulsive behaviors. A total of 609 questionnaires were analyzed. Four factors including denial of injury/victim, condemning the condemners, denial of responsibility, and appeal to higher loyalties were extracted from the neutralization techniques. The neutralization techniques were not different by customer characteristics, but were negatively related with customer ethics and positively related with anomie and impulsive behaviors. The results indicate that the neutralization techniques are appropriate to understand unethical customer return behaviors in the Korean retail settings.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제27권A호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2007

Recently produced concrete has a tendency to overcome environmental defects. Porous and planting Eco-concrete requires the neutralization process and enough void in concrete to contain water, to pass air freely, and provides necessary nutrients to vegetation roots. The biological environment in concrete is not suitable for planting because the concrete possesses strong alkali constituent of pH 11-13. This study evaluated the strength and serviceability of concrete as well as the chemical characteristics of concrete mixed by low-grade iron ore left in the abandoned mine and treated by Ammonium monohydrogen phosphate, $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$. Test variables include two kinds of coarse aggregates such as crushed stones and low-grade iron ore, the duration time and the period for neutralization treatment by Ammonium monohydrogen phosphate, $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$, and the proportion ratio of cement, blast furnace slag and silica fume.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.22-30
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• 2006

On this study, we developed the electrostatic eliminator for charged particles in manufacturing process. The characteristics of the electrostatic eliminator were investigated, which is two kinds. The first one is Electrical Corona Discharged Type Ionizer. The second one is Photo Ionizer in using soft X-ray. From the experiment, we have obtained the following results. In case of Electrical Corona Discharged Ionizer, neutralization efficiency of charged particles were approximately saturated to 98% over 6.0kV, but as it is non-explosion proof, can not be used in flammable particle treatment process. While in case of photo Ionizer in using soft X-Ray, neutralization efficiency of charged particles were approximately 95%, and more its structure is explosion proof, could be used in flammable particle treatment process.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.314-319
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• 1995

Antacid granules were prepared by agglomeration and powder method in high speed agitation type granulator. The copmositions of the test antacids were sodium bicarbonate nad magnesium carbonate nad a coating material was powder of polyvinylacetal diethyl-aminocacetate (AEA) and an additive material was talc powder. The dissolution characteristics of base from the antacid granules were investigated to evaluate neutralization capacity of hydrochloric profile of base and neutralization behavior, the following results were obtained : The prepared granules showed a pH-dependent dissolution pattern of a base. The dissolution profile of a base was varied with addition of talc powder as well as coating amount of AEA. The relationship between the ratio of dissolution retarded time for 20% and 10% AEA. The relationship between the ratio of dissolution retarded time for 20% AEA coated granules $\theta_{20}/\theta_{10}$ and the diameter reduction of the granules was explained by the rate process of neutralization of hydrochloric acid.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2021

Since the amount of red mud, generated from aluminum smelting process as a by-product, has increased worldwide, the recycle and metal resource recovery from the red mud is becoming more important. In this study, in order to recycle the red mud as a soil stabilizer to remediate arsenic contaminated soils, neutralization of red mud was investigated. Red mud was neutralized by washing with distilled water and NaCl, CaCl₂, FeCl₃, and HCl solutions and heating at 200-800℃, and arsenic stabilization characteristics in soils were evaluated with the neutralized red mud. Although washing with distilled water was not effective in neutralizing red mud, the application of the washed red mud to soils lowered the soil pH compared to the application of untreated red mud. Among NaCl, CaCl₂, FeCl₃, and HCl solutions, washing with FeCl₃ showed the most effective in lowering pH of the red mud from pH 10.73 to pH 4.26. Application of the neutralized red mud in soils resulted in quite different arsenic stabilization efficiency depending on soil samples. In M1 soil, which showed relatively high arsenic stabilization efficiency by untreated red mud, the neutralization of red mud resulted in little effect on arsenic stabilization in soil. On the other hand, in M2 soil, which showed low arsenic stabilization efficiency by untreated red mud, the neutralization of red mud increased arsenic stabilization significantly. Soil characteristics such as clay minerals and pH buffering capacity seemed to affect reactions between red mud and soils, which resulted in different effects of the red mud application on soil pH and arsenic stabilization efficiencies.

• 한국정보시스템학회지:정보시스템연구
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.197-219
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• 2014

Despite of continuous efforts to crack down on piracy using penalties and regulations, this unauthorized piracy market is still enormous. Since the moral hazard about this phenomenon is pervasive and continually upsets the major intellectual property markets, an alternative plan is required. The purpose of this study is to provide an objective insight for factors that affect people's digital video piracy behavior. The following two research propositions were the focus: what psychological factors affect piracy behavior and how are these factors related to one another? In order to accomplish the research aims, we reviewed literatures on the current state of piracy in South Korea, characteristics of digital contents, studies on criminal psychology and behavioral theories. Previous research in the fields of criminal theory indicated that neutralization, a form of rationalization, would help explain digital piracy intentions. Thus, this study developed a model that explains effects of neutralization techniques and tested the possibility of an integrated model with other behavioral theory such as TPB and TIB. Empirical results of the study(368 sample collected) showed that all the factors in TPB including Attitude to Piracy(+), Subjective Norm(-), Perceived Behavioral Control(+) had a significant impact on Piracy Intention. Moreover, two neutralization techniques, Condemn the Condemners(+) and Appeal to Higher Loyalties(+), had a significant effect on Piracy Intention. In addition, Past Behavior had strong impacts on Attitude(+), Perceived Behavioral Control(+) and Piracy Intention(+). In terms of Expected Profit, it had an impact on Attitude to Piracy positively. These findings suggest implications for protecting the current intellectual property markets, with many stakeholders in movies and media industries. There are some limitations as followed: first, the study did not consider other neutralization techniques, low level of deterrence and the other expected results despite the possibility of their effects. Second, the study needs improvements through longitudinal research because the cross-sectional research could not rule out the alternative explanations.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제8권12호
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• pp.817-826
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• 2018

악성댓글이 사회적 문제로 떠오르면서 이에 대한 해결책이 요구되고 있다. 이에 많은 연구들은 악성댓글을 이해하고 예방하기 위해 여러 관점에서 연구를 진행해왔다. 그 중 기존 연구에서 악성댓글에 대한 중화는 악성댓글을 설명하는 중요한 요인으로 나타났지만 아직까지 성별에 따른 중화 정도의 차이는 크게 고려되고 있지 않고 있다. 또한, 온라인은 현실과는 다른 환경적 특성들이 다수 존재함에도 악성댓글과의 연구는 미흡한 상황이다. 이러한 사실들을 기반으로 본 연구는 악성댓글과 중화의 관계에 성별의 조절효과를 살펴보았으며, 악성댓글에 온라인의 환경적 요인들(익명성, 사회적 실재감 부족)의 영향력을 실증하였다. 연구 결과, 온라인 환경적 요인들의 영향력을 발견되지 않은 반면, 악성댓글에 대한 중화는 강한 직접적 영향력과 성별 차이의 조절효과가 존재한다는 사실을 발견하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 기반으로 학문적 실무적 시사점을 논의하고 연구 한계점 및 향후 연구 방향을 제언한다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.179-187
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• 2020

Electrodialysis has been applied for treatment of industrial wastewater including metal electroplating. The wastewater from metal plating industries contains high concentrations of inorganics such as copper, nickel, and sodium. The ions in the feed were separated due to the electrical forces in the electrodialysis. The concentrate compartment is exposed to the elevated concentrations of the ions and yielded inorganic precipitations on the cation exchange membranes. The presence of organic matter in the metal plating wastewater affects complex interfacial reactions, which determines characteristics of inorganic scale fouling. The wastewater from a metal plating industry in practice was collected and the inorganic and organic compositions of the wastewater were analyzed. The performance of electrodialysis of the raw wastewater was evaluated and the effects of adjusting pH of the raw water were also measured. The integrated processes with neutralization and electrodialysis showed great removal of heavy metals sufficient to discharge to aquatic ecosystem. The organic matter in the raw water was also reduced by the neutralization, which might enhance removal performance and alleviate organic fouling in the integrated system.

• 대기
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.403-416
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• 2019

Precipitation samples were collected at the GAW Stations in Anmyeon-do and Gosan for 10 years (2008-2017) to analyze pH, electrical conductivity and NH₄⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, Cl^-, and F^- ions. From the analysis, the correlation between pH and rainfall, the composition of precipitation and comparison with other regions, and the results of neutralization characteristics by seasonal and pH were determined. In the comparison of ion balance and conductivity for the validation of analytical data, the correlation coefficients were within the range of 0.996~0.999, implying good linear relationship. The volume-weighted pH of the Anmyeon-do and Gosan areas were 4.7 and 4.9, respectively. The pH of the rainfall was affected by washout and rainout in both areas. The ionic strength of precipitation at Anmyeondo and Gosan were 0.42 ± 0.63 mM and 0.37 ± 0.75 mM, indicating about 27.6% and 35.3% of the total precipitation as per a pure precipitation criterion (10^-4 M), respectively. The composition ratio of ionic species were 44.7% and 57.5% for marine sources (Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^-), 40.6% and 22.2% for the secondary inorganic components (NH₄⁺, nss-SO₄^2-, NO₃^-), and 5.6% and 4.0% for the soil source (nss-Ca²⁺), respectively. The neutralization factor of Anmyeon-do and Gosan were 0.43~0.65 and 0.34~0.48, and the neutralization factors of calcium carbonate were 0.15~0.34 and 0.25~0.30, respectively. Thus, both regions have the highest rate of neutralization caused by ammonia. As pH increased in Anmyeon-do and Gosan, change in calcium carbonate became greater than that in ammonia.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2003년도 ICCAS
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• pp.2617-2622
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• 2003

The pH neutralization process has long been taken as a representative benchmark problem of nonlinear chemical process control due to its nonlinearity and time-varying nature. For general nonlinear processes, it is difficult to control with a linear model-based control method so nonlinear controls must be considered. Among the numerous approaches suggested, the most rigorous approach is the dynamic optimization. However, as the size of the problem grows, the dynamic programming approach is suffered from the curse of dimensionality. In order to avoid this problem, the Neuro-Dynamic Programming (NDP) approach was proposed by Bertsekas and Tsitsiklis (1996). The NDP approach is to utilize all the data collected to generate an approximation of optimal cost-to-go function which was used to find the optimal input movement in real time control. The approximation could be any type of function such as polynomials, neural networks and etc. In this study, an algorithm using NDP approach was applied to a pH neutralization process to investigate the feasibility of the NDP algorithm and to deepen the understanding of the basic characteristics of this algorithm. As the global approximator, the neural network which requires training and k-nearest neighbor method which requires querying instead of training are investigated. The global approximator requires optimal control strategy. If the optimal control strategy is not available, suboptimal control strategy can be used even though the laborious Bellman iterations are necessary. For pH neutralization process it is rather easy to devise an optimal control strategy. Thus, we used an optimal control strategy and did not perform the Bellman iteration. Also, the effects of constraints on control moves are studied. From the simulations, the NDP method outperforms the conventional PID control.