• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.85-89
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• 2016

Background: Formaldehyde is used to preserve cadaver in medical schools, and students are exposed to formaldehyde during cadaver dissection classes. When humans are exposed to formaldehyde, it induces mucosal inflammation, skin inflammation, and declining of neurobehavioral function including attention and memory executive functions. The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of formaldehyde exposure on student's neurobehavioral performance during cadaver dissection classes. Methods: The level of formaldehyde was measured in a cadaver dissection class. A total of 16 students were randomly divided into two groups. One group wore respiratory protection masks, while the other group did not. Among many subtests in Korean Computerized Neurobehavioral test, backward digit span was tested on all subjects before and after the class. Results: The length of memorized digit span between the two groups was not significant; however there was a greater decrease in neurobehavioral function after formaldehyde exposure in the non-mask group than the mask group. Conclusion: Formaldehyde exposure during cadaver dissection may likely decrease neurobehavioral performance of students. Therefore, proper ventilation system and respiratory protective equipment are necessary to protect medical school students from adverse effects of formaldehyde exposure.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.156-167
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• 2010

To evaluate the effect of lead biomarkers including bone lead on neurobehavioral test in retired lead workers, 131 retired lead workers without any occupational exposure to organic solvent, mercury and arsenic were agreed to participate this study. For the control subjects 56 non-occupationally lead exposed subjects were recruited from same area of retired lead workers with consideration of demographic characteristics. The mean levels of blood and bone lead of retired lead workers were significantly higher than control group and there were significant correlation among other lead biomarkers. Compared with controls without occupational lead exposure, lead exposured subjects had worse performance on 10 tests out of 12 neurobehavioral tests, but only two tests(Purdue pegboard nondominant and both hand) showed statistical significance of differences. In multiple linear regression analysis of neurobehavioral tests with lead biomarkers and demographic and lifestyle variables, age was associated negatively with 11 neurobehavioral tests, whereas log-transformed ZPP was associated with Purdue pegboard(both hand) and Santa Ana manual dexterity(non-dominant hand). On the other hand, tibia lead was associated Pursuit aiming test(correct) and Purdue pegboard(dominant hand) and calcaneal lead was associated with Purdue pegboard(dominant hand). This study confirmed that among all relevant variables age was most significantly associated with the poor performance of neurobehavioral tests. The blood lead did not have any significant association with neurobehavioral tests, but tibia and calcaneal bone lead and blood ZPP showed significant association with a few tests even after more than mean 9 years from their retirements.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.53-71
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• 1997

Across sectional study was performed to evaluate the chronic effects on central nerve system(CNS) of cumulative exposure of complex organic solvents, using neurobehavioral test. Subjects were 66 (male) dock yard painters of some large ship industry which is located in Ulsan. The neurobehavioral test battery used in this study was NCTB (Neurabehavioral Core Test Battery recommended by WHO(World Health Organization), which consisted of 7 items-Profile of mood states (POMS), Simple reaction time, Santa Ana dexterity test. Digit span, Digit symbol, Benton visual retention test and Pursuit aiming. The subjects were classified by 3 groups according to duration of employment(group 1 ; less than 9 years, group 2 ; 10-14 years, group 3 ; more than 15 years). The results of performance were analyzed considering of work duration, age, educational level, alcohol drinking, smoking and testing time as confounding factors. Benton visual retention test, pursuit aiming correct dot and sum of dot showed significant differences among the groups, and decreased with increasing work duration. It indicated that the mean scores of performance ability were lowering according to work duration. Besides, the tests that didn't show statistical significances but showed linear trends were depression-dejection, vigor, fatigue of POMS, slowest time of simple reaction time and digit span forward. Most of the neurobehavioral test items were correlated with age and educational level. After controlling of confounding factors-age and educational level, the results followed ; digit span backward was different significantly. Tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility of POMS, SD and slowest time of simple reaction time, Santa Ana dexterity test non-preferred hand, digit span forward, Benton visual retention test and pursuit aiming correct dot decreased with increasing of work duration. The correlation analysis was done in order to find out the relationship between subjective symptom and the scores of neurobehavioral core test battery. According to the results of analysis there were no items that had statistical significant relationship(p<0.05).

• Toxicological Research
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2000

The objective of this experiment is to investigate neurobehavioral and developmental effects of fumonisin B1 (FB1) after prenatal FB1 administration in rats. FB1 (0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg) was orally exposed to pregnant rats during gestational days 13 to 20, whereas the vehicle alone was administered to control group. Maternal and offspring body weights, physical landmarks of incisor eruption, eye opening, testes descending and vaginal opening, open field activity, running wheel activity, and complex maze performance were included as endpoints for developmental and neurobehavioral measurement. Maternal body weights were not signfficantly altered after FB1 exposure. Percentage of maternal weight gain difference between control and 1.6 mg/kg FBI groups was about 4%. Pre- and post-weanling weight of offsprings after prenatal exposure to FB1 was not signfficantly changed, suggesting that FB1 at 0.8 or 1.6 kg/kg doses may not cross the placenta. Significant gender difference in running wheel activity on postnatal days 57 to 63 and complex maze performance on postnatal days 75 to 78 was observed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.911-923
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• 1995

유기용제와 같은 신경독성 물질에 폭로되지 않은 제조업체 여성 근로자를 대상으로 세계보건기구의 Neurobehavioral core Test Battery(NCTB) 7가지 검사 항목 중 사업장 여건을 고려하여 산타아나 민첩성검사와 목적점 찍기, 숫자 기호화, 단순반응시간, 시각기억 검사 등 5가지 항목을 세계보건기구 표준방법에 따라 실시하여, 신경독성 물질폭로로 인한 신경행동학적인 영향을 평가하기 위한 대조군 자료를 마련하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 잘 쓰는 손과 반대편 손의 산타아나 민첩성검사 수행능력은 각각 $45.7{\pm}7.1$ 및 $41.9{\pm}6.4$개, 목적점 찍기는 $191.9{\pm}38.6$개였다. 숫자 기호화와 시각기억검사는 각각 $57.7{\pm}16.0$ 및 $7.8{\pm}1.7$개, 단순반응시간의 평균은 $274.8{\pm}44.6msec$였고 평균 표준편차는 $70.5{\pm}69.0msec$였다. 대부분의 신경행동검사 항목들은 피검자의 연령, 교육수준의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 산타아나 민첩성검사는 양손 모두에서 피검자의 교육년한에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 목적점 찍기 검사에서 올바르게 한 것은 피검자의 연령과 교육년한에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 숫자 기호화는 연령과 교육년한에, 단순반응시간은 교육년한에, 그리고 시각기억검사도 교육년한에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 전체적으로 볼 때 피검자의 교육수준은 모든 검사항목에서 주요한 영향 변수로 작용하고 있었고 연령은 일부 검사의 영향 변수로 작용하였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.487-504
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• 1994

A cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the effects of chronic low-dose solvent on neurobehavioral performance of 118 male car painters. A control group of 113 workers matched for age was selected from different sections of the factory. The mean age and the mean duration of employment were 33 years and 6.7 years in both groups. Mean years of education were 11.4 years in car painters and 11.8 years in controls. Each worker completed a medical and occupational questionnaire and four tests of Swedish performance evaluation system. These included simple reaction time, symbol digit, digit span and finger tapping speed. Althougth the mean duration of employment was 6.7 years, comparison of mean performance showed a significantly poorer performance on simple reaction time (p<0.05), symbol digit(p<0.01) and digit span(p<0.05) in car painters. In univariate analysis, age and educational level contributed to poorer performance on symbol digit and digit span. Smoking appeared to slow finger tapping speed in car painters. Performance of four tests of car painters exposed to high level of solvent was poorer than that of car painters exposed to low level. In multiple regression models, controlling for age, alcohol, smoking and shift work, solvent exposure was found to be associated with performance of simple reaction time, symbol digit and digit span and exposure to high level of solvent was related to poorer performance of symbol digit and digit span.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.175-185
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• 1995

연 폭로 근로자들의 혈중 연 농도가 신경 행동 검사에 미치는 영향을 알기 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 부산 모공단내의 연 취급사업장에 근무하는 남자근로자 59명을 대상군으로 선택하였다. 신경 행동 검사는 WHO(World Health Organization)에서 제안한 NCTB(Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery) 중 5항목을 사용하여 시행하였다. 연구 대상군들은 혈중 연 농도에 따라 저농도군$(0, 중간농도군(20$(40으로 분류하였다. 숫자 암기 중 역순 숫자 부호 짝짓기, Benton Visual Retention에서 고농도군과 중간농도군이 저농도군에 비하여 유의하게 수행능력이 저하되었으며, 연령, 교육기간과 상관성이 가장 큰 항목은 숫자부호 짝짓기였다. 혼란변수인 연령과 교육기간을 보정한 후에도 Benton Visual Retention에서 여전히 고농도군과 중간농도군에서 저농도군에 비하여 유의한 감소를 보였다. 그러나 고농도군과 중간농도군의 비교에서는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보인 항목은 없었다. 신경행동변화와 관련된 연의 영향을 명확히 하기 위해서는 근로자의 취업시부터의 정확한 개인별 폭로력과 혈중 연 농도뿐만 아니라 통합된 연 흡수 척도들의 추적과 함께 신경행동검사가 시행되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.18-25
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde of newly-built school classroom indoor air on the neurobehavioral functions of students. The elementary schools that were opened in September 2008(as of September 2008) was selected for newly-built school and the elementary school that were opened in March 2006 was selected for control group schools. The concentration of formaldehyde(HCHO), a hazardous organic compound that exists in the air of classrooms, exceeded the standard value of $108.2{\mu}g/m^3$ in newly-built schools while it was $60.8{\mu}g/m^3$ in control group schools, which is around 60% of the standard concentration. However, the concentration of the total volatile organic compounds(TVOCs) was $788.9{\mu}g/m^3$ and $756.1{\mu}g/m^3$ in newly-built schools and control group schools respectively, which are approximately two times higher than the standard concentration. In newly-built schools, the mean reaction time of additions and symbol digit, respectively 3,020ms and 2,398ms in pre-exposure were increased to 3,167ms and 2,514ms respectively in post-exposure. The difference of mean reaction time between pre and post exposure was 146.8 ms, or 4.6%, and 116.7ms, or 4.8%, respectively, showing statistically-significant increase of reaction time(p<0.05). On the contrary, the difference of reaction time of both tests were not statistically significant in the control group schools. These results showed that the neurobehavioral performance of newly-built schools students were affected by volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde of classroom indoor air.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.692-707
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• 1998

우리나라 근로자의 특성과 산업보건 현실에 적합한 신경행동검사들을 선택하기 위하여 지금까지 국내의 일부 연구에서 사용되었던 신경행동검사들의 타당도를 비교평가하였다. 대구지역의 중소규모 사업장에서 톨루엔, 크실렌, 메틸에틸케톤, 이소프로필알콜, 메탄올에 폭로되는 유기용제 폭로군 96명과 대조군 100명을 대상으로 인구학적 변수와 직업관련 변수를 조사하고, 컴퓨터 신경행동검사 네 가지 검사항목(숫자 더하기, 부호숫자 짝짓기, 숫자 외우기, 손가락 두드리기)과 면접식 신경행동검사 일곱 가지 검사항목(Benton visual retention 검사, 숫자 외우기, 숫자부호 짝짓기, 숫자 더하기, 목적점찍기, 핀꼽기, 막대 두드리기)을 수행하였다. 11개의 신경행동검사 항목들 중 지각과 반응속도 영역에서 컴퓨터 부호숫자 짝짓기, 운동영역에서 컴퓨터 손가락 두드리기 및 미세운동영역에서 핀꼽기의 유사영역의 다른 검사에 비해 타당도가 상대적으로 높은 것으로 평가되었다. 이러한 결과는 산업장 근로자의 중추신경계장애의 선별을 위한 신경행동검사의 선택에 도움이 될 것으로 생각되나 대상자의 폭로기간이 길지 않고 폭로력과 재현성을 고려하지 못한 제한점을 가진다.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 1993년도 제45차 추계 학술대회 연제집
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• pp.61-62
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• 1993