• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.113-121
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• 2007

Commonly, in the Sensor Network that composed with multiple nodes uses Ad-hoc protocol to communicate each other. Each sensed data packets are collected by base node and processed by Host PC. But the Ad-hoc protocol is too vulnerable to Sinkhole attack, where the intruder attracts surrounding nodes with unfaithful routing information, and then performs selective forwarding or changes the data passing through it. The Sinkhole attack increases overhead over the network and boosts energy consumption speed to decrease network's life time. Since the other attacks can be easily adopted through sinkhole attack, the countermeasure must be considered carefully. In this paper, we proposed the Hop-depth algorithm that detects intruder in Sinkhole attack and colluded nodes. First, the proposed algorithm makes list of suspected nodes and identifies the real intruder in the suspected node list through the Hop-depth count value. And recalculates colluder's path information to find the real intruder. We evaluated the performance of the proposed algorithm using NS2. We compared and analyzed the success ratio of finding real intruder, false positive ratio, false negative ratio, and energy consumption.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.14C no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 2007

The efficient node energy utilization is one of important performance factors in wireless sensor networks because sensor nodes operate with limited battery power. To extend the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks, maintaining balanced power consumption between sensor nodes is more important than reducing each energy consumption of the sensor node in the network. In this paper, we proposed a cluster formation algorithm to extend the lifetime of the networks and to maintain a balanced energy consumption of nodes. To obtain it, we add a tiny slot in a round frame, which enables to exchange the residual energy messages between the base station (BS). cluster heads, and nodes. The performance of the proposed protocol has been examined and evaluated with the NS 2 simulator. As a result of simulation, we have confirmed that our proposed algorithm show the better performance in terms of lifetime than LEACH. Consequently, our proposed protocol can effectively extend the network lifetime without other critical overhead and performance degradation.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.33 no.2B
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• pp.76-81
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• 2008

LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) has been proposed as a routing protocol with a hierarchical structure, in order to achieve the energy efficiency that is of primary importance in the wireless sensor networks. A wireless sensor network adopting LEACH is composed of a few clusters, each of which consists of member nodes that sense the data, and head nodes that deliver the collected data from member nodes to a sink node that is connected to a backbone network. A head node in a cluster allocates TDMA slots to its member nodes without taking into account whether they have data to transmit or not, thus resulting in inefficiency of energy usage of head node that remains in active mode during the entire round time. This motivates us to propose a scheme to improve the energy efficiency of LEACH, by assigning TDMA slots only to those member nodes who have data to send. As a result, the head node can remain sleep during the period of no data transmission from member nodes, leading to the substantial energy saving. By using the ns-2 simulator, we evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme in comparison with the original LEACH. Experimental results validate our scheme, showing a better performance than original LEACH in terms of the number of outliving nodes and the quantity of energy consumption as time evolves.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.343-354
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• 2003

This paper describes algorithm that minimizes recovery time of packet loss resulting from handoff in multicast environments and guarantees reliability through interaction of FN(Foreign Network) with PMTP(Predictable Multicast Tree Protocol). To solve the problems that inefficient routing and handoff delay taking plate when using hi-directional tunneling and remote subscription independently in multicast environments, proposed algorithm uses tunneling and rejoining multicast group according to the status of an arriving FA in a foreign network. Furthermore, proposed algorithm sends packet loss information and register message to previous FA or current FA at the same time. so, MH is able to recovery packet loss in handoff delay as soon as possible. As a result of performance analysis, proposed algorithm is more efficient than previous researches and is applicable to existing handoff method without requiring additional procedures.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.2413-2418
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• 2007

IN wireless sensor networks (WSNs), one challenging issue is to In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), one challenging issue is to construct a virtual backbone in a distributed and localized way while considering energy limitation. Dominating set has been used extensively as core or virtual backbone in WSNs for the purposes like routing and message broadcast. To ensure network performance, a good dominating set construction protocols should be simple and avoid introducing extra message. In addition, the resulting dominating set should be small, connected, and take into account the energy level at each node. This paper studies efficient and simple virtual backbone construction protocol using defer time in IEEE 802.15.4- based WSNs (e.g. Zigbee). The efficiency of our proposed protocol is confirmed through simulation results.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1540-1560
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• 2022

Latest technological innovation in the development of compact lower power radios has led to the explosion of Internet of Things. With Wi-Fi, Zigbee and other physical layer protocols offering short coverage area there was a need for a RF protocol that had a larger coverage area with low power consumption. LoRa offers Long Range with lower power consumption. LoRa offers point to point and point to multipoint connections. with Single hop communication in place the need for routing protocols are eliminated. LoRa Wide Area Network stack can accommodate thousands of nodes under a single LoRa gateway with a single hop communication between the end nodes and LoRaWAN gateway. This paper takes an experimental approach to analyze the basic physical layer parameters of LoRa and the practical coverage offered by a LoRaWAN under highly dense urban conditions with variable topography. The insights gained from the practical deployment of the LoRaWAN network, and the subsequent performance analysis is used to design a novel public utility monitoring platform. The second half of the papers is designing a robust platform to integrate both existing wired sensor water meters, current and future generation wireless water meters. The Common Automated Metering Platform is designed to integrate both wired sensors and wireless (LoRaWAN and Wi-Fi) supported water meters. This integrated platform reduces the number of nodes under each LoRaWAN gateway and thus improves the scalability of the network. This architecture is currently designed to accommodate one utility application but can be modified to integrate multi-utility applications.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.44 no.4 s.316
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• pp.79-88
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• 2007

Demand for the technology for access to device control network in industry and for access to building automation system via internet is on the increase. In such technology integration of a device control network with a data network such as internet and organizing wide-ranging DCS(distributed control system) is needed, and it can be realized in the framework of VDN(virtual device network)[1,2]. Specifications for device control network and data network are quite different because of the differences in application. So a router that translates the communication protocol between device control network and data network and efficiently transmits information to destination is needed for implementation of the VDN, This paper proposes the concept of NCS(networked control system) based on VDN(virtual device network) and suggests the routing algorithm that uses embedded system.[3]

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.773-778
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• 2014

IDS(Intrusion Detection System) can be used as a countermeasure for blackhole attacks which cause degrade of transmission performance by causing of malicious intrusion to routing function of networks. In this paper, effects of IDS for transmission performance based on mobility patterns is analyzed for MANET(Mobile Ad-hoc Networks), a suggestion for effective countermeasure is considered. Computer simulation based on NS-2 is used in performance analysis, VoIP(Voice over Internet Protocol) as an application service is chosen for performance measure. MOS(Mean Opinion Score), call connection ratio and end-to-end delay is used as performance parameter.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.8C no.5
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• pp.667-676
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• 2001

We have solved a problem occurring in case that RSVP is applied to existing wired network in order to guarantee a QoS of multimedia traffic in mobile computing environment in this paper. If MN moves to another area when Mobile IP is applied to RSVP, HA makes new tunnel to FA because SESSION ID of MN is changed. However, we suggest MIP-DUDN method, which applied RSVP. Although MN moves to another area in this method, it does not make new tunnel because it eliminates the problem of existing Triangle Routing Problem. We design the new protocol of RMIP-DUDN and compare with the method of existing Mobile IP applied to RSVP.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.244-250
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• 2011

Gossip is a well-known protocol which was proposed to implement broadcast service with a high reliability in an arbitrarily connected network of sensor nodes. The probabilistic techniques employed in gossip have been used to address many challenges which are caused by flooding in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, very little work has yet been done on real-time wireless sensor networks which require not only highly reliable packets reception but also strict time constraint of each packet. Moreover, the unique energy constraining feature of sensor makes existing solutions unsuitable. Combined with unreliable links, redundant messages overhead in real-time wireless sensor networks is a new challenging issue. In this paper, we introduce a Reliable Gossip Zone, a novel fine-tailored mechanism for real-time wireless sensor networks with unreliable wireless links and low packet redundancy. The key idea is the proposed forwarding probability algorithm, which makes forwarding decisions after the realtime flooding zone is set. Evaluation shows that as an oracle broadcast service design, our mechanism achieves significantly less message overhead than traditional flooding and gossip protocols.