• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2016

The olfactory system is an important model for the study of neuronal degeneration and regeneration, including neuronal diseases. When the olfactory sensory neurons are damaged by nerve injury or are exposed to environmental factors, they degenerate and are replaced by regenerating neurons. To monitor neuronal degeneration in living animal, we established an olfactory-specific GFP transgenic zebrafish. The effects of Triton X-100 or sodium acetate on the olfactory system were examined. A significant decrease in the number of GFP-positive olfactory sensory neurons was observed after chemical lesion. We found a recovery of GFP-positive neurons by 2 days posttreatment. From these results, we expect that further studies of olfactory degeneration and regeneration using this transgenic zebrafish will provide important advances for the study of neuronal degeneration and regeneration.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.115-118
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to report on the result of repairing Achilles tendon using absorbable suture under nerve block. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 20 patients with acute Achilles tendon rupture who were followed up for at least six months after the operation. We repaired Achilles tendon using two absorbable sutures using the Krackow technique for the proximal stump and the Kessler technique for the distal stump. A programmed postoperative management including non-weight bearing with a short leg cast for four weeks after the operation was applied for all patients. We evaluated clinical results using American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, visual analogue scale (VAS) for satisfaction, range of motion of ankle, functional recovery rate, and the starting time of single heel raise. Results: The mean VAS score for satisfaction and AOFAS score was 9.2 and 93.0, respectively. The affected ankle showed a mean dorsiflexion rate of 90% and plantar-flexion rate of 94% compared to the uninjured side. The single heel raise could start at a mean of 3.5 months after the operation. Conclusion: Treatment of Achilles tendon rupture with absorbable suture material using the hybrid suture technique of proximal Krackow and distal Kessler showed sufficient stability and minimal chronic inflammatory reaction.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.69-73
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• 1994

A 37 years old man who suffered from right facial palsy was treated successfully with the application of both magnetic resonance diagnostic analyser(MRA) and stellate Ganglion block(SGB). SGB is effective in treatment of facial palsy resulting from abolishing cerebral vascular spasm and increasing cerebral blood flow. Short daily period of exposure to appropriate MRA can also modulate the balance of autonomic nervous system that are responsible for sympathetic overflow resulting the edema and poor circulation on the course of the facial nerve. It was seemed that recovery of facial palsy by application of both MRA and SGB was faster than by SGB only.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 1998

The incidence of brachial plexus injury is increasing because of the development of motor vehicle but the the results of treatment was reported poor due to its complex anatomical structure and changes of function and sensory during the recovery after trauma. But the results of treatment has been improved by the recently introduced high sensitive diagnostic method that can evaluate accurately the site and extent of the injury and treatment method. Restoration of the elbow flexion is the most important goal of treatment after brachial plexus injury and nerve graft, neurotization and muscle transfer were used for methods of treatment. From December 1992 to May 1994, the author performed 6 cases of latissimus dorsi transfer at the same side for the improvement of elbow flexion in the patients of brachial plexus injury. There were 5 cases of male, one case of female and average age was 22 years old. The causes of injury were traffic accident in 3 cases, gun shot injury, falldown and birth injury in each one case and in all cases, the type of injury were upper arm type. The average follow up period were 1 year 5 months ranging from 12 months to 4 years 5 months. In all cases, active elbow flexion was impossible before operation and average muscle power was grade I. We analysed the active range of motion, muscle power and the functional results. At the last follow up, range of active elbow flexion was average $124^{\circ}$ and flexion contracture was average 11 degrees and the average of muscle power was grade IV. In the functional analysis, there were two cases of excellent, three cases of good and 1 case of fair. There was no complications including wound infection, vascular compromise and donor site problem. The results of latissimus dorsi transfer for improvement elbow flexion in the patients of brachial plexus injury is one of the useful mettled for the restoration of elbow flexion.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.192-197
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• 2006

Objective : Eleven patients treated with posterior cerebral artery[PCA] aneurysm during 6.3-years period are retrospectively reviewed to determine treatment outcome. Methods : Eleven patients with PCA aneurysm were treated from January 1998 to May 2004. Their medical records and radiologic studies were reviewed retrospectively. The records of these patients were analysed with particular reference to their demographic details, mode of presentation, and treatment outcome. Results : Of the 11 patients, 8 patients presented with symptoms related aneurysmal bleeding. Three patients had unruptured PCA aneurysms. Open or endovascular surgery was performed in 9 patients; None of these patients exhibited a third nerve palsy, visual field deficit, or hemiparesis at the time of presentation. Postoperatively, 2 made a good recovery, 2 had a moderate disability because of cerebral infarction after surgery, and 5 had a severe disability because of cerebral infarction after surgery. Of 2 conservatively treated patients, 1 was doing well but the other died as a result of brain swelling. Conclusion : The treatment of the PCA aneurysms is difficult regardless of the aneurysmal size, site, and treatment modality. All reasonable treatment to reduce the risk of associated morbidity should be considered.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.404-416
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• 2017

Objective : Functional and neural tissue recovery has been reported in many animal studies conducted with stem cells. However, the combined effect of cytokines and stem cells has not yet been adequately researched. Here, we analyzed the additive effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) on adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) infusion in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Methods : Four days after intrathecal infusion tubes implantation in Sprague-Dawley rats, SCI was induced with an infinite horizon impactor. In the Sham group (n=5), phosphate-buffered saline was injected 3, 7, and 14 days after SCI. GCSF, ADSCs, and ADSCs with GCSF were injected at the same time in the GCSF (n=8), ADSC (n=8), and ADSC+GCSF groups (n=7), respectively. Results : The ADSC and ADSC+GCSF groups, but not the GCSF group, showed significantly higher Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scores than the Sham group during 8 weeks (p<0.01), but no significant difference between the ADSC and ADSC+GCSF groups. In the ladder rung test, all four groups were significantly different from each other, with the ADSC+GCSF group showing the best improvement (p<0.01). On immunofluorescent staining (GAP43, MAP2), western blotting (GAP43), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (GAP43, nerve growth factor), the ADSC and ADSC+GCSF groups showed higher levels than the Sham and GCSF groups. Conclusion : Our analyses suggest that the combination of GCSF and ADSCs infusions in acute SCI in the rat does not have a significant additive effect. Hence, when combination agents for SCI stem cell therapy are considered, molecules other than GCSF, or modifications to the methodology, should be investigated.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

Objectives : The aim of this study is to review clinical studies of facial palsy sequelae treatment Methods : We used search engines such as PUBMED, OASIS, RISS. We limited sequelae as the cases after three months from the onset. We excluded the studies including operational treatments. We considered papers pubulished only after year 2000. Results : The kinds of treatments were acupunture treatment, physical therapy, Botulinum toxin, and steroids and antiviral agent. Four studies about acupuncture treatment were searched. Two were case studies and the other two were case series studies. Six studies about physical therapy were searched and they were devided into three according to their specific methods - neuromuscular training and biofeedback, electrical stimulation, and facial exercises. We reviewed three studies about Botulinum toxin and 3 studies about combined therapy. Conclusions : Evidence level of the acupuncture studies was not high. Neuromuscular retraining and biofeedback therapies were shown to be effective especially to synkinesis. Mime therapy, one of the facial exercise has significant effect. Electrical stimulation is thought to activate the plasticity of central nerve system. Botulimum Toxin has effective temporary treatment. Steroid therapy increases recovery rate and reduces sequelae.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.199-207
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of NXP031, an inhibitor of oxidation by specifically binding to the complex of DNA aptamer/vitamin C, on dopaminergic neurons loss and the reaction of microglia in an animal model of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced subchronic Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: A subchronic PD mouse model was induced via an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of MPTP 30 mg/kg per day for five days. NXP031 (vitamin C/aptamer at 200 mg/4 mg/kg) and vitamin C at 200 mg/kg were administered via IP injections at one hour after performing MPTP injection. This process was performed for five days. Motor function was then evaluated with pole and rotarod tests, after which an immunohistochemical analysis was performed. Results: NXP031 administration after MPTP injection significantly improved motor functions (via both pole and rotarod tests) compared to the control (MPTP injection only) (p<.001). NXP031 alleviated the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum caused by MPTP injection. It was found to have a neuroprotective effect by reducing microglia activity. Conclusion: NXP031 can improve impaired motor function, showing neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons in the SN and striatum of MPTP-induced subchronic Parkinson's disease mouse model. Results of this study suggest that NXP031 has potential in future treatments for PD and interventions for nerve recovery.

• BMB Reports
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.311-316
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• 2021

Ethanol often causes critical health problems by altering the neuronal activities of the central and peripheral nerve systems. One of the cellular targets of ethanol is the plasma membrane proteins including ion channels and receptors. Recently, we reported that ethanol elevates membrane excitability in sympathetic neurons by inhibiting Kv7.2/7.3 channels in a cell type-specific manner. Even though our studies revealed that the inhibitory effects of ethanol on the Kv7.2/7.3 channel was diminished by the increase of plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P₂), the molecular mechanism of ethanol on Kv7.2/7.3 channel inhibition remains unclear. By investigating the kinetics of Kv7.2/7.3 current in high K⁺ solution, we found that ethanol inhibited Kv7.2/7.3 channels through a mechanism distinct from that of tetraethylammonium (TEA) which enters into the pore and blocks the gate of the channels. Using a non-stationary noise analysis (NSNA), we demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of ethanol is the result of reduction of open probability (P_O) of the Kv7.2/7.3 channel, but not of a single channel current (i) or channel number (N). Finally, ethanol selectively facilitated the kinetics of Kv7.2 current suppression by voltage-sensing phosphatase (VSP)-induced PI(4,5)P₂ depletion, while it slowed down Kv7.2 current recovery from the VSP-induced inhibition. Together our results suggest that ethanol regulates neuronal activity through the reduction of open probability and PI(4,5)P₂ sensitivity of Kv7.2/7.3 channels.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.59-63
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• 2022

Background: Deformational plagiocephaly is usually managed conservatively, as it tends to improve over time and with the use of conservative measures. However, before the year 2017 we operated on patients with severe plagiocephaly and neurological symptoms at the Helsinki Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Center. Methods: Of the 20 infants with severe deformational plagiocephaly and neurological symptoms referred to us between 2014 and 2016, 10 underwent cranioplasty open reshaping of the posterior cranial vault. The parents of the last 10 patients were given information on the natural history of the condition and the patients were followed up with an outpatient protocol. The aim of this study was to gain information on the brain electrophysiology and recovery of patients after total cranial vault reconstruction by measuring the electroencephalogram (EEG) somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP; median nerve). Results: Of the 10 participants in the operation arm, six had abnormal SEP at least on the affected cerebral hemisphere and all SEPs were recorded as normal when controlled postoperatively. In the follow-up arm, eight out of 10 participants had abnormal SEP at the age of approximately 24 months, and all had normalized SEPs at control visits. Conclusion: Our data suggest that cranioplasty open reshaping of the posterior cranial vault did not affect abnormal SEP-EEG recordings. We have abandoned the operations in deformational plagiocephaly patients due to findings suggesting that expanding cranioplasty is not beneficial for brain function in this patient group.