• 동양고전연구
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• 제48호
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• pp.91-116
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• 2012

글쓰기란 틀에 박힌 형식이 아닌 자신의 느낌과 생각을 있는 그대로 표현하는 일인데도 불구하고 조선후기의 문풍은 그렇지 못했다. '문필진한(文必秦漢), 시필성당(詩必盛唐)'이라는 복고주의 문장론이 지배적이었기 때문에 문장의 법도를 무시한 채 자신의 감정을 있는 그대로 표현한다는 것은 사실상 금기시되었다. 하지만 도그마에 빠져 변화하는 세상을 바라보지 못하는 성리학과 내용은 없이 껍데기만을 모의하는 의고적 글쓰기에 지친 문장가들은 익숙함과 전범에서 벗어나고자 새로운 글쓰기를 시도했다. 이러한 변화의 가운데에 있던 이용휴는 당시 수입된 최신의 중국 서적들을 통해 명말청초의 사조들을 익히며 자신만의 개성적인 글쓰기를 만들었다. 그는 당시 지배 이데올로기인 성리학적 사유체계를 거부하고 인간성 본래의 측면에 관심을 가지며 주체 회복을 강조하였으며, 반의고적 글쓰기를 통해 허위에 찬 당시의 풍토를 비판했다. 그리고 진정한 나를 찾기 위해서는 어린 시절 순수한 마음[천리(天理)]를 회복하고, 이를 위해서는 마음[심(心)]을 바르게 해야 한다고 주장하였다. 그런데 이러한 그의 주장은 '심즉리(心卽理)'를 내세우는 양명학과 비슷했다. 양명학은 마음[심(心)]을 윤리의 준칙[이(理)]으로 삼고 있어서, '이(理)는 외재적이고 초월적이며, 이것은 성인에 의해 언어화되고, 경전으로 문자화 되어 있다.'는 성리학과는 확연히 갈라졌다. 그는 이들처럼 이(理)의 외재성을 부정하고 내재성을 강조하면서 성리학의 경전 중심주의를 해체했다. 그가 내세운 전범의 부정과 주체 회복의 글쓰기는 이러한 사상에 영향을 받았다. 그러나 이러한 영향 때문에 그를 양명학자로 단정 짓거나, 그를 비롯한 반의고적 태도를 갖는 문인들의 사상적 근거를 양명학이라 확정해서는 안 된다. 왜냐하면 그의 문학을 주자학이든 양명학이든 단정 짓는 순간 그것이 또 전범이 되어 주체는 사라지게 될 것이기 때문이다. 그는 일체의 전범을 부정하고 주체적으로 살아가기를 바랐고, 그것을 글로 남겼다. 우리가 200여년이 지난 지금에도 그의 글을 읽는 것은 바로 이러한 이유에서 일 것이다.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제33호
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• pp.97-129
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• 2008

호계(虎溪) 신적도(申適道)(1574-1663)는 정묘, 병자호란시 의성지역의 의병장으로 활동한 창의지사(倡義之士)이다. 그는 평생을 벼슬하지 않고 산림에 은둔해 있던 산림처사로서 정묘, 병자년 두차례나 기의(起義)하였으며, 병자년의 굴욕적인 강화 이후 미곡(薇谷)에 은둔하여 책을 읽고 후생을 교육하는 것으로 여생을 보냄으로써 유가적인 의리실천을 행동으로 보여주었다. 호계는 당시 관학의 지위에 있던 주자학을 의리와 강상의 실천을 중심으로 이해하고, 그것의 구체적인 실천은 군신부자의 윤리에 근본하여 효제충신의 실천을 다하는 것에 있을 뿐이라고 생각하였다. 따라서 의리란 간위(艱危)의 때에 오직 자식은 효를 위해 죽고 신하는 충을 위해 죽는 것임을 강조하고, 이런 의리정신이 바로 임란 때 왜병을 물리친 정신이었으며, 그 정신으로 당시의 외적을 물리쳐야함을 역설하였던 것이다. 이런 그의 의리실천은 인간의 도덕성에 기초하여 인륜과 강상을 실천하는 것을 핵심으로 하는 조선유학의 도학정신에 기초하고 있다. 또한 그의 존명의리의 실천은 당시 조선인이 가지고 있던 문화적인 자부심에 기초한 소중화의식과 그 사상적 토대로서의 도덕중심적이며 인륜중심적인 조선유학의 특징을 잘 보여준다. 나아가 호계에게서 보여진 이런 우리 민족의 자부심과 인륜과 강상을 지켜나간다는 도덕의식은 이후 조선말의 위기에 척사위정운동 및 의병활동, 민족종교운동 등으로 전개될 수 있는 바탕이었다는 점에서 조선조 유학이 지닌 사회, 역사적인 의미를 확인 할 수 있다.

• 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2014

이 연구는 병법교육을 담당하였던 송대 '무학(武學)'을 주제로 문헌적 연구를 실시한 것이다. 중국에서 무거(武擧)와 무학은 무신관료(武臣官僚) 체계와 연관이 있으며, 무술을 전통체육활동으로 취급하는 체육학에서도 중요한 사료가 된다. 무학의 설립은 송대의 관료주의와 유교사상의 기풍으로 덕(德)과 의(義)를 갖춘 유장(儒將) 개념의 등장과 확산이 단초가 된다. 무학은 최초로 1043년(慶歷 3년)에 설립되고 1072년(熙寧 5년)에 공식적인 면모를 갖추어 우수한 인재를 양성하고 선발하는 기능이 원활해지면서 정치상의 효과를 보아 국가의 경쟁력을 향상시켰다. 무학 교육내용은 첫째, 보병·기병·궁병의 신체 기술과 둘째, 경서인 무경칠서(武經七書) 즉, 손자(孫子), 오자(吳子), 사마법(司馬法), 위료자(尉繚子), 황석공삼략(黃石公三略), 강태공육도(姜太公六韜), 당리문대(唐李問對)의 뜻을 이해하여 유연하게 적용하는 것, 셋째로 현실적인 문제해결 등을 시험하여 그 대책을 가르쳤다. 이러한 무학은 신체기술(人), 전쟁(事), 무기(物)의 세 가지 측면을 포괄하고, 교육·선발·승진의 기능을 담당하여 무거제의 발전과 존속을 꾸준히 뒷받침하였다. 수집된 자료를 통해 중국의 전통사회에서 체육전문인이라고 하라 수 있는 무관의 조건이 신재는 물론이고, 지도자의 통솔력과 공맹(孔孟), 그리고 병법을 강론하는 등의 지식을 겸비해야하는 사회적 요구가 있었음을 알 수 있다.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2018

In modern western science, the humanities and social sciences are separated from the natural sciences. However, new interpretations should be explored based on holistic concepts and the principles of wholeness found in eastern nature. Examples of the latter from Korea include Lee Je Ma's Sasang Constitutional Medicine(SCM). We aimed to examine the features and problems associated with SCM, as well as approaches to these problems. Sasang constitutional medicine suggests that an individual's constitution is determined congenitally, and the body and mind need to be considered simultaneously when treating disease. And SCM thinks that individuality is important in clinical practice even in social relationship. SCM needs to develop for objective diagnoses, and basic research needs to be conducted in parallel such as study of the Confucian classics and neo-confucianism. Expanding the scope of patient-centric academic exchange has been raised as an important issue to exchange with Western medicine and so on. SCM can be the medicine that places humanity at the center, and its mentality could apply to preventive medicine and personalized medicine. So it has positive influence on construction of a healthy society and improvement of healthcare worldwide.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.49-63
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• 2010

With the effect that the Yipsu-ryong(入首龍) of Ju-san(主山) influenced on the layout in the view of geomantic topography(形勢), how Ahn-san(案山) affected the layout plan of the Korean academics of classical learning(書院) is researched. And how the "Jirisinbeob(地理新法)" which had been written by Ho-sun-sin(胡舜申) was applied to the Korean academics of classical learning in the view of Li and Ch'i(理氣) is studied. In Fengshui, the method to pick out a site and to confirm the direction for building construction was divided into two, one of them was 'the geomantic topography', which included 'Ju-san following type(主山順應形)', 'Ahn-san stressing type(案山重視形)' and 'Ju-san & Ahn-san complex type(主 案山混合形)'. And the other is the 'Rule of direction(向法)'. The Korean academics of classical learning was applied by the geomantic topography of Fengshui for its layout and direction, regardless of political, regional and period factors. So when the Sa-rim(士林) needed to set direction for the Korean academics of classical learning, the ground that was appropriate to the geomantic topography of Fengshui was selected. Therefore, the Sa-rim who was abused in Neo-Confucianism had a mind of stressing geomantic topography of Fengshui and they applied it positively for building construction.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.49-61
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• 2011

The concept of Mingmen(命門) was originated from "Neijing(內經)" and "Nanjing(難經)", respectively meaning eye in "Neijing" and right kidney in "Nanjing". But the Mingmen theory had been developed on the basis of the concept of Mingmen in "Nanjing" thereafter, and it had been influenced by the Taoist alchemy in the process of explaining the relation between the concept of Xianghuo(相火) and Yuanqi(元氣). Out of this the Mingmen theory had been changed as a thing that comprises newly the concept of Huo(火), and consequentially the dispute about the arrangement between Mingmen and Xin(心) had been consistently progressed, because Xin is the center of Huo. And on the other hand, because Xin is also the center of mind, the influence of the state of Xin which is projected to Mingmen had also been discussed. Based on the facts like this, this study will discuss the possibility of the extension of the concept about the function of Mingmen. That is, this study will add up the concept of Mingmen in "Neijing" to the Mingmen theory so far, will add up the concept of Zhijue(知覺) to the Mingmen theory. The concept of Zhijue had been originated from the Neo-Confucianism in Song dynasty, and this study thinks, in the light of the concept of Zhijue, the concept of Mingmen could be viewed from a new perspective, that is, from a view of mind.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.63-76
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• 1998

Seowon(書院) was an institute for education and sacrificial rite, established privately in rural villages throughout the middle period of the Chosun dynasty(1392-1910), where scholars researched classic studies, cultivated personal characters in accordance with the Neo-Confucianism, nurtured young disciples, and performed rites at a secluded shrine where spiritual tablets of honorees were housed. This study examines the architectural characteristics of Pilamseowon(筆巖書院) in Chans'seong, Chollanamdo Province, Korea. Through the study, the architectural characteristics of Pilamseowon were found as follows: First, Pilamseowon moved twice since it had been established. Second, through the moving, the area of Pilamseowon was expanded and buildings were added. Third, some buildings of Pilamseowon reflect the previous condition of the seowon site. Take Hwakyeonroo(廓然樓) as an example, which is the main entrance pavilion of Pilamseowon. Pavilion is an appropriate type of building in sloped site. Before Hwakyeonroo was moved to the present site, it was located on sloped site, where Hwakyeonroo accordingly took the pavilion type of building. Present site condition of Pilamseowon is plane, nonetheless, Hwakyeonroo has the pavilion type of building, which reflects the previous condition of the building site. Forth, Pilamseowon consists of six spatial domains and each domain has its own entrance gate to outer area.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2015

This is a study on the construction of the Heungcheon-Temple. The results are follows. 1) The Heungcheon-Temple was anticipated to be the Jeongneung. However, when completed, the Heungcheon-Temple was symbolized Buddhism; moreover, there was a stupa enshrined sarira. The stupa was a land mark in Hanyang. While king Sejong repaired the stupa, it disappeared during the regin of King Jungjong. Before it disappeared the stupa signified a Buddhist event and a rite of good fortune. 2) The stupa was constructed using a double-frame, and there was a stone-stupa in an octagonal multi-layer temple. This single location consisted of a sarira space and a worship space. 3) Buddhist Relic(Sarira) worship was to witness holiness and therefore reics could be moved according to need. It appeared as though Buddhist Relic worship occurred in Southeast Asia. 4) The Heungcheon-Temple stupa was considered a new and superior architectural-symbol to comfort people and recognize the new order of Ming and neo-Confucianism. Therefore, the stupa was a good alternative to politics, religion, and external relations during the early Joseon era.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2013

Objectives Two conflicting readings of "Donguisusebowon" so far have been presented that Sasang Constitutional Medicine inherited the traditional Five Elements theory and that it was a new perspective on its own right. The main purpose of this paper is to review the theoretical ground of Sasang Constitutional Medicine to see whether it has inherited the Traditional Korean Medicine, and show that it had been developed as an original view independent of the Five Elements theory. Methods To do this, I inquired into the theoretical background of Sasang Constitutional Medicine as well as its philosophical premises and its leading ideas. Results and Conclusions As a result, I have found that Sasang Constitutional Medicine is an original medical theory developed in empirical terms on its own right, divorced from the transcendental view of the Five Elements theory, while borrowing some concepts from I-Ching and Neo-Confucianism only for technical tools. In short, Sasang Constitutional Medicine may well be put as calling for a reappraisal of the Han-medical and Confucian accounts of human being, and a transition from speculative method based on the Five Elements theory to a verifiable empirical method. In this vein, my reading of Sasang Constitutional Medicine in empirical perspective may well be appraised as presenting a new way to further inquiries into the theoretical nature of it, and to getting itself across with Western medicine as well.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제67호
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• pp.327-344
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• 2017

Zhou Dunyi is regarded as a precursor of Li-Xue, which is called Neo-Confucianism. So, it could be say that Zhou Dunyi is a precursor of Song-Ming-Li-Xue. As is well known, Zhu xi is a synthesizer of Li-Xue in Song Dynasty, which is called Dao-Xue; Wang Yangming is a synthesizer of Li-Xue in Ming Dynasty, which is called Xin-Xue. Dao-Xue and Xin-Xue were engaged in an unyielding confrontation for many centuries in Asian areas. It is certain that Dao-Xue and Xin-Xue both succeed to the resources of Zhou Dunyi together, but it is not easy to confirm that the resources of Zhou Dunyi are common to both sides taking an unyielding confrontation into consideration. Usually, Zhou Dunyi is recognized as a Master of Dao-Xue rather than Xin-Xue. But in this paper, I try to give a question to this prevalent view, like this: Yang-Ming-Xin-Xue much absorbed and developed the Thought of Zhou Dunyi than Zhu-Xi-Dao-Xue did. In order to prove this assertion, I take two steps. The first is about Daotong, the second is about sincerity. In conclusion, while Wang Yangming build his own thought of moral philosophy, he fully absorbed Zhou Dunyi's thought of sincerity, and concreted his typical moral philosophy, which is Liangzhi-Xue. I could say that besides the viewpoint of Zhu xi, there is another viewpoint of Wang Yangming to understand the thought of Zhou Dunyi properly.