• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1156-1162
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• 2018

To investigate the anti-thrombotic activities of the lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner), various hot-water extracts were prepared from the leaf, pod of seed (PS), seed, embryo of seed (ES), root, and the node of root (NR) of the lotus. The highest extraction ratio was found in the NR (20.3%), followed by the seed, root, leaf, ES, and PS. These extracts had pH and acidity levels ranging from 5.6~6.5 and 0.06~0.20%, respectively. The seed extract showed 70% brix, whereas the leaf and PS extracts showed less than 0.1% brix. The highest contents of total polyphenol (179.7 mg/g), total flavonoids (161.4 mg/g), and reducing sugar (161.4 mg/g) were observed in the leaf extract, and the highest total sugar content (873.0 mg/g) in the seed extract. Anti-coagulation assay of the extracts of NR, leaf, and PS showed strong activities. In particular, at a concentration of 5 mg/ml, the PS extract had 15-fold extended thrombin, prothrombin, and activated partial thromboplastin times. However, only the ES extract showed activities inhibitory to platelet aggregation, with treatment with 0.25 mg/ml of ES extract decreasing platelet aggregation to 25.1%, a reduction comparable to that effected by aspirin. The extracts other than the seed extract showed no hemolysis activities against human RBC at treatments of up to 1 mg/ml. These results suggest that the NR, PS, seed, and ES, all byproducts of the lotus agriculture industry, have high potential as novel sources of anti-thrombotic agent.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.39-47
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• 2023

Objectives : The objective of present study was to investigate the vasorelaxant effects of 20 Korean native plants on isolated rat thoracic aorta precontracted with phenylephrine (PE). Methods : Dried 20 plant materials were extracted 3 times with water, ethanol, or methanol for 3h in the reflux apparatus at 70 ± 5℃. Male SD rats were anesthetized by ether inhalation, and their aorta rings were isolated and placed in 10 ㎖ Krebs Henseleit (KH) buffer. While using an isolated organ-chamber technique, the aorta rings were maintained by bubbling with a gas mixture of 95% O₂-5% CO₂ at 37℃. Changes in isometric tension of aorta rings were recorded via isometric transducers connected to a Powerlab Data Acquisition System. Results : Among the 20 native plants, Chrysanthemum indicum L. flower, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. rhizome, Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. fruit, Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. root, Corydalis turtschaninovii Besser tuber, Corydalis decumbens (Thunb.) Pers. tuber, and Dolichos lablab L. seed showed significant vasorelaxant effect on the contraction of aorta rings induced by PE. In contrast, Mertensia maritima subsp. asiatica Takeda whole plant, Ajuga decumbens Thunb. whole plant, Trigonotis peduncularis (Trevis.) Benth. ex Baker & S.Moore whole plant, Dioscorea quinquelobate Thunb. rhizome, Allium microdictyon Prokh aerial part, Momordica charantia L. fruit, Carthamus tinctorius L. flower, and Clematis terniflora DC. root constricted more the aorta rings precontracted by PE Conclusion : These results suggest that the possibility as useful herbal resources for the development of functional foods or medicines for hypertension treatment.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2005

In this study, lotus root(Nelumbo nucifera G.) which has been used in oriental medicine and folks remedy, was studied to apply to functional foods. We investigated the effects of the lotus root extracts(LTE) with hot water on the reduction of serum lipid and improvement of blood parameters in rats fed high fat diet for 5 weeks. Sprague-Dawley rats weigh $150g\pm15g$, were randomly assigned to 4 groups such as basal diet only(BDG), high fat diet without LTE(FDCG), high fat diet with $6\%$ LTE(FD6L), high fat diet with $12\%$ LTE(FD12L). The results of this study were as follows. Hematological data were not significantly different among 4 groups. Serum transferrin concentration and GOT activity were reasonable levels in FD6L and FD12L groups compared with FDCG group. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride in serum and atherogenic index were remarkably reduced in LTE supplemented groups as compared with the control group. But HDL-cholesterol contents in FD6L and FD12L groups were significantly increased compared with that in control group. These results imply that lotus root extracts could be used as a potent food resources for decrease of serum lipid concentration.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 2011

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) has been shown to play an important role in the development of the diabetic complications. The AGEs inhibitors or cross-link breakers attenuate various functional and structural manifestations of diabetic complications. In this study, 69 China herbal medicines have been investigated with an in vitro evaluation system using AGEs inhibitory activity. Of these, 28 herbal medicines $IC_{50}$=<50 ${\mu}g/ml$) were found to have stronger AGEs inhibitory activity compared with aminoguanidine ($IC_{50}$=59.77 ${\mu}g/ml$). Particularly, 5 herbal medicines, Camptotheca acuminata (stem, leaf), Eurya groffii (stem, leaf), Cornus Capitata (leaf), Mucuna birdwoodiana (root), Nelumbo nucifera (fruit, seed) showed more potent inhibitory activity (approximately 6-27 fold) than the positive control aminoguanidine.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.777-783
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• 2010

The effects of packaging materials and storage temperature on the quality of dried lotus roots (NelumbonuciferaG.) were studied during 330 days of storage. Using four commercial types of packaging, (PE [polyethylene] film bags, PP [polypropylene] film bags, gunny roll, and paper bags), and four different storage temperatures (-5, 0, 10, and $20^{\circ}C$), changes in moisture content, hardness, color, and sensory qualities of dried lotus roots were investigated. The moisture contents of dried lotus roots stored in PE and PP film bags were higher than those of roots stored in gunny and paper bags. A major difference in moisture content was apparent when roots stored in gunny bags and paper bags were compared. Hue angle values were stable in roots stored in gunny and paper bags at all temperatures. Hardness decreased slightly with increased storage time in PE and PP film bags. Decay rate and marketability of roots stored in PE and PP film bags at $-5^{\circ}C$ were acceptable. The results showed that dried roots packaged with PE and PP were stable in quality, in contrast to roots stored in gunny and paper bags.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.634-642
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effects of lotus root ethanol extinct (LRE) on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity in vitro, and lipid metabolism in the serum and liver of rate fed normal or high cholesterol diet in vivo. LRE (200 mg/kg/day and 400 mg/kg/day) was administered only to rats with fed high cholesterol diet for 6 week. We divided into 6 groups: normal diet group (NC), high cholesterol diet group (1% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate)(HC), LRE 200 mg/kg treated group (NC-LREL), LRE 400 mg/kg teated group (NC-LREH), high cholesterol diet and LRE 200 mg/kg treated group (HC-LREL), and high cholesterol diet and LRE 400 mg/kg teated group (HC-LREH). LRE significantly inhibited the HMG-CoA reductase activity in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro. The body weight gain and liver weight of the high cholesterol diet group were higher than the normal diet group whereas the groups administered LRE were gradually decreased. The high cholesterol diet group increased serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, free cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, and decreased atherogenic index, HDL-cholesterol and phospholipid levels as compared with the normal diet group. LRE administrated groups were increased in serum HDL-C/T-C, HDL-cholesterol and phospholipid levels, and decreased serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels as compared with the high cholesterol diet group. These effect of LRE within the high cholesterol diet groups were concentration-dependent manners. There were no differences in the levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, phopholipid, HDL-cholesterol and free cholesterol between normal diet groups. The hepatic LRE administrated groups than in the high cholesterol diet group. Teken together, it is suggested that LRE exerts hypocholesterolemic effect by reducing serum cholesterol concentration in rats with high cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesterolemia.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.9 s.89
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• pp.1237-1243
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• 2007

This study was investigated on the antioxidant capacity of 80% ethanol extract of lotus root in vitro. The ex-traction yields of 80 % ethanol extract was 9.14%. Lotus root ethanol extract was fractionated by the following: n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and n-butanol. n-Butanol fraction showed the highest ex-traction yield of all fractions. Antioxidative activities of different fractions were examined by l.l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical generation, the Rancimat test, the nitrite scavenging ac-tivity and the thiobarbituric acid(TBA) method, and compared with the properties of the commercial antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT). The antioxidative capacity of the ethylacetate fraction was the highest among fractions and its fraction showed higher contents of total polyphenol. Furthermore, the antioxidative capacity of the ethylacetate fraction was similar to that of BHT. In conclusion, these results suggest that lotus root may be a good candidate as a natural antioxidant source.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.793-801
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• 2014

This study evaluated the qualitative properties of lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera) peels as food materials. Proximate composition, sweetness, pH, total acidity, color, mineral, fatty acid, free sugar and organic acid contents of preprocessed lotus root were measured. Crude moisture, protein, and total fiber contents of non-peeled treated Lotus roots were higher than those of peeled treated lotus roots (p<0.05). Lightness and yellowness of color were reduced by peeling process, whereas redness increased (p<0.05). The mineral contents of Mg, Ca, Fe and Na were higher in non-peeled lotus roots, whereas peeled treated lotus root showed higher K contents (p<0.05). The major fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. The total free sugar content of non-peeled lotus roots was higher than that of peeled treated lotus roots (p<0.05). Glucose content was not significantly different, whereas fructose, sucrose, and maltose contents were significantly different. The organic acid and free amino acid contents were higher in peeled lotus roots (p<0.01).

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the addition of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) root and leaf powder on the quality characteristics of pork patties. The pork patties were of four types: nothing added (CTL), 0.5% lotus root powder added (LRP), 0.25% lotus root and 0.25% lotus leaf powder added (LRLP), and 0.5% lotus leaf powder added (LLP). There was no significant difference in $L^*$ value (whiteness), cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, water holding capacity, VBN content, and total bacterial amount. The moisture was highest in CTL, protein was highest in LRLP, fat was highest in LRLP and LLP, and ash was highest in LRLP (p<0.05). The total polyphenol content of the CTL, LRP, LRLP, and LLP were 3.34, 3.64, 3.90 and 3.90 mg/100 g, respectively. The $a^*$ value was highest in CTL, and the $b^*$ value of LRLP and LLP were higher than those of CTL and LRP (p<0.05). The hardness of CTL and LRP were higher than those of LRLP and LLP, and springiness was lowest in LLP (p<0.05). The cooking loss, thickness change, diameter changes, and pH were highest in CTL (p<0.05). The TBARS was highest in CTL, and was lowest in LLP (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2007

The nutritional compositions of different parts (roots, leaves, and seeds) of two lotus species (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner), Muan's white-flowered and Naju's pink-flowered, are as follows; crude protein content in the seed was four times higher and the carbohydrate content was three times higher than those in the root and leaf. Comparing between the species, the crude protein content of the white lotus was the higher than that of the pink lotus, but the carbohydrate content was comparatively lower. The potassium content of the minerals in all samples was much higher than those in others. Additionally, the iron content of the root was much higher than those in the leaf and seed. In both species, the major free sugar in the root was sucrose; the main sugars in the leaf were fructose and alucose, and those in the seed were stachyose, raffinose, and sucrose. Among amino acids, glutamic acid showed the highest level in the leaf and seed, while aspartic acid was the highest in the root.