• 기본간호학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.51-68
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to explain the relationship between smoking status, smoking behavior and hardiness in university students in Gangnung City. The subjects were a convenience sample of 315 students. The data were collected by a questionnaire given to the students between May 22 to June 2, 2000. An instrument developed by Akers & Gang(1996) and translated by Sohn, Jung-Nam(1999) was used in this study to measure definition of smoking, differential reinforcement of smoking and smoking behavior. The differential peer association scale developed Krohn et al.(1982) and translated by Sohn, Jung-Nam(1999), and the hardiness scale developed by Pollock(1984) and translated by Suh, Mun-Sa(1988) were also used. The data were analyzed using the SAS/PC+ Program and included descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Spearman correlation coefficients. The results of this study are as follows : 1. The smoking rate for university students was 50.5% of which 44.7% started smoking in high school. 2. The mean score for level of hardiness was $3.14{\pm}0.43$ 3. The mean score for smoking behavior was as follows : 1) The mean score for the neutralizing definition was $2.16{\pm}0.57$ 2) The mean score for the negative definition was $2.37{\pm}0.71$ 3) The mean score for the positive differential reinforcement was $1.89{\pm}0.63$ 4) The mean score for the negative differential reinforcement was $2.96{\pm}0.64$ 5) The mean score for the differential peer association was $2.67{\pm}1.05$ 4. The data showed positive correlations between hardiness and the neutralizing definition(r=.1951, P<.001), between hardiness and the positive differential reinforcement(r=.1128, P<.05), between hardiness and the amount of smoking per day(r=.1452, P<.05) between the neutralizing definition and positive differential reinforcement(r=.4212, P<.0001), between the neutralizing definition and differential peer association(r=.1856, P<.001), between the neutralizing definition and age at smoking initiation(r=.1582, P<.05), between the negative definition and negative differential reinforcement(r=.2985, P<.0001), between the positive differential reinforcement and differential peer association(r=.3451, P<.0001), between positive differential reinforcement and the amount of smoking per day(r=.4431, P<.0001), between differential peer association and the duration of smoking(r=.2789, P<.0001), between differential peer association and the amount of smoking per day(r=.5410, P<.0001), between the duration of smoking and the amount of smoking per day(r=.4245, P<.0001). The data showed negative correlations between the neutralizing definition and the negative definition(r=-.2065, P<.001) between the neutralizing definition and negative differential reinforcement(r=-.3943, P<.0001) between the neutralizing definition and duration of smoking(r=-.1957, P<.05), between the negative definition and positive differential reinforcement(r=-.2093, P<.001), between the negative definition and the amount of smoking per day(r=-.2282, P<.001), between positive differential reinforcement and negative differential reinforcement(r=-.5555, P<.0001) between negative differential reinforcement and differential peer association(r=-.3653, P<.0001), between negative differential reinforcement and the amount of smoking per day(r=-.4570, P<.0001), between the age at smoking initiation and the duration of smoking(r=-.4594, P<.0001).

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.142-150
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• 2006

This study examines whether the reinforcement theory would be effectively applied to teaching assistant robots between a robot and a student in the same way as it is applied to teaching methods between a teacher and a student. Participants interact with a teaching assistant robot in a 3 (types of robots: positive reinforcement vs. negative reinforcement vs. both reinforcements) by 2 (types of participants: honor students vs. backward students), within-subject experiment. Three different types of robots, such as 'Ching-chan-ee' which gives 'positive reinforcement', 'Um-bul-ee' which gives 'negative reinforcement', and 'Sang-bul-ee' which gives both 'positive and negative reinforcement' are designed based on the reinforcement theory and the token reinforcement system. Participants' task performance and reaction rate are measured according to the types of robots and the types of participants. In task performance, the negative reinforcement robot is more effective than the other two types, but regarding the number of stimulus, the less the stimulus is, the more effective the task performance is. Also, participants showed the highest reaction rate on the negative reinforcement robot which implies that the negative reinforcement robot is most effective to motivate students. The findings demonstrate that the participants perceive the teaching assistant robot not as a toy but as a teaching assistant and the reinforcement interaction is important and effective for teaching assistant robots to motivate students. The results of this study can be implicated as an effective guideline to interaction design of teaching assistant robots.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.423-434
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• 2014

본 연구는 종업원들의 고객 서비스 행동을 향상시키기 위한 정적강화기법과 부적강화기법의 상대적인 효과를 비교하였다. 그리고 두 강화 조건에서 처치를 받은 목표 행동 외에 처치를 받지 않은 비목표 행동에까지 처치 효과가 확산되어 반응일반화가 일어나는지를 추가적으로 검증하였다. 세 곳의 편의점에서 근무하는 5명의 종업원이 연구에 참가하였으며, ABC/ACB 피험자 내 역균형 설계가 적용되었다. 기저선(A 단계) 측정이 끝난 후 세 명의 참가자들에게는 정적강화를 제공 하였으며(B 단계), 그 후 부적강화를 제공하였다(C 단계). 나머지 두 명의 참가자들에게는 기저선(A 단계) 이후 부적강화를 먼저 적용 한 후(C 단계), 정적 강화를 적용하였다(B 단계). 연구 결과, 처치를 받은 목표 서비스 행동에서는 정적강화가 부적강화에 비하여 종업원들의 서비스 행동을 더 향상시킨 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 비목표 행동에 있어서는, 두 강화 조건모두 대부분의 행동에서 반응일반화를 유발하였지만 강화 조건에 따른 비목표 행동의 차이는 각 행동별로 상이하였다. 사후 인터뷰결과 정적강화 조건에서는 긍정적 정서를 그리고 부적강화 조건에서는 부정적 정서를 경험한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과는 근로자의 직무수행 향상을 위해 정적강화 기법이 더 효과적이고 효율적이라는 것을 시사한다.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2007

본 연구는 교사의 교수 방식에서 효과적으로 사용되는 행동주의 학습이론 중 강화 이론이 교사 보조 로봇에도 효과적으로 적용되는지를 검토하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 피험자내 설계 실험(n=36)으로 성적유형에 따른 우등, 열등 피험자가 강화 유형에 따른 세 가지 로봇의 인터랙션(2*3)을 경험케 했다. 즉, 강화이론과 토큰강화 방식에 기초해 '정적 강화'를 제공하는 로봇('칭찬이'), '부적 강화'를 제공하는 로봇('엄벌이'), '정적 강화'와 '부적 강화'를 모두 제공하는 로봇('상벌이')의 인터랙션을 디자인하고 로봇유형과 피험자의 성적유형에 따른 학생들의 로봇에 대한 인상 및 선호도를 알아보았다. 결과적으로 학생들은 정적 강화를 제공하는 로봇을 가장 선호하고, 부적 강화를 제공하는 로봇을 가장 덜 선호함이 검증되었다. 또한, 강화의 자극을 디자인함에 있어서는 우등 학생에게 부적 강화를 제공하는 로봇에서 로봇이 주는 자극수가 낮을수록 로봇에 대한 긍정적 인상이 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과는 강화 유형에 따른 학생들의 교사 보조 로봇에 대한 인상 및 선호도를 검증하며, 교사 보조 로봇의 인터랙션 디자인에 효과적인 가이드라인으로 적용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.415-430
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• 2021

The effective flange width was usually introduced into elementary beam theory to consider the shear lag effect in steel-concrete composite beams. Previous studies have primarily focused on the effective width under positive moments and elastic loading, whereas it is still not clear for negative moment cases in the normal service stages. To account for this problem, this paper proposed simplified formulas for the effective flange width and reinforcement stress of composite beams under negative moments in service stages. First, a 10-degree-of-freedom (DOF) fiber beam element considering the shear lag effect and interfacial slip effect was proposed, and a computational procedure was developed in the OpenSees software. The accuracy and applicability of the proposed model were verified through comparisons with experimental results. Second, a method was proposed for determining the effective width of composite beams under negative moments based on reinforcement stress. Employing the proposed model, the simplified formulas were proposed via numerical fitting for cases under uniform loading and centralized loading at the mid-span. Finally, based on the proposed formulas, a simplified calculation method for the reinforcement stress in service stages was established. Comparisons were made between the proposed formulas and design code. The results showed that the design code method greatly underestimated the contribution of concrete under negative moments, leading to notable overestimations in the reinforcement stress and crack width.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.765-777
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• 2022

Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) can be used in the UHPC-steel composite structures especially for bridge structures to achieve high stiffness and high fatigue resistance with low self-weight. The structural performances of UHPC-steel composite slabs subjected to hogging moment have a significant influence on the global stiffness and durability of UHPC-steel composite structures. In order to study the structural behaviors of non-steam-cured UHPC-steel composite slabs subjected to negative moment, five composite slabs combined the thin UHPC layers to steel plates via shear stud connecters with the diameter of 16mm were fabricated and tested under negative moment. The test program aimed to investigate the effect of stud spacing and longitudinal reinforcement ratios on the failure mode, load-deflection behaviors, cracking patterns, bond-slips, and carrying capacities of composite slabs subjected to negative moment. In addition, direct tensile tests for the dog-bone UHPC specimens with longitudinal reinforcement bars were carried out to study the effect of reinforcement bars on the tensile strength of UHPC in the thin structure members. Based on the experimental results, analytical models were also developed to predict the cracking load and ultimate load of UHPC-steel composite slabs subjected to negative moment.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 대골형 파형강판 합성부재의 구성요소를 고강도 재료로 대체하고 이음방법, 전단보강방법 등 단면구성방법에 따른 단위부재의 휨거동을 분석하여 대골형 파형강판 합성부재 구조물의 장대화 및 적용범위확대를 위한 기초자료를 제시하고자 하였다. GR40과 SS590 강재를 적용한 합성구조체의 휨실험 결과, SS590 파형강판을 적용한 경우 정모멘트 하중저항성능은 약 28%가 증가되는 것으로 확인되었으나 부모멘트 저항성능은 미미한 것으로 확인되었다. 볼트의 개수를 증가시킨 파형강판 이음방법의 정모멘트 및 부모멘트 저항성능증가율은 높지 않은 것으로 확인되었다. 이는 고강도 재료에 따른 볼트의 접합 특성(볼트중심에서 연단까지의 거리, 볼트중심간 간격 등)이 거동에 영향을 미쳤기 때문인 것으로 추정된다. 전단보강재 간격별 휨실험 결과, 보강재 간격이 감소할수록 정모멘트에 대한 하중저항성능, 부모멘트에 대한 변위저항성능이 향상되는 것으로 확인되었다. 전단보강재 형상별 휨실험결과, U형 보강재 적용에 따른 정 부모멘트 저항성능 증가율은 약 2%~7% 로 낮았다. 따라서 대골형 파형강판 합성부재의 휨성능증가에는 파형강판의 강종, 전단보강재 간격, 보강철근의 특성이 주요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.127-136
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• 2022

Recently, an unprecedented emerging infectious disease has rapidly spread, causing a global shortage of wards. Although various temporary beds have appeared, the supply of wards specializing in infectious diseases is required. Negative pressure isolation wards should maintain their function even after an earthquake. However, the current seismic design standards do not guarantee the negative pressure isolation wards' operational (OP) performance level. For this reason, some are not included in the design target even though they are non-structural elements that require seismic design. Also, the details of non-structural elements are usually determined during the construction phase. It is often necessary to complete the stability review and reinforcement design for non-structural elements within a short period. Against this background, enhanced performance objectives were set to guarantee the OP non-structural performance level, and a computerized tool was developed to quickly perform the seismic design of non-structural elements in the negative pressure isolation wards. This study created a spreadsheet-based computer tool that reflects the components, installation spacing, and design procedures of non-structural elements. Seismic performance review and design of the example non-structural elements were conducted using the computerized tool. The strength of some components was not sufficient, and it was reinforced. As a result, the time and effort required for strength evaluation, displacement evaluation, and reinforcement design were reduced through computerized tools.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2014

목적 영유아를 돌보는 어머니의 양육행위를 파악하여 양육행위 형태를 확인하고자 한다. 방법 본 연구는 60개월 이하의 영유아를 양육하는 어머니의 양육행위와 관련된 구체적인 경험이나 인식을 질적, 양적으로 파악하고자 내용분석을 실시한 연구이다. 결과 양육행위에 대한 내용을 긍정적 강화와 부정적 강화로 양육행위를 분류하여 내용 분석한 결과 총 55개의 의미 있는 진술문과 14개의 범주로 도출되었다. 첫째, 긍정적 강화영역으로는 "잦은 피부 접촉", "즐겁게 해줌", "자녀와의 많은 시간 가짐", "자녀의 자존감 향상", "자녀의 요구에 대한 민감", "올바른 훈육", "독립적 양육", "자녀의 의견 경청", "자녀의 감정 이해 및 존중" 9개의 범주로 나타났다. 둘째, 부정적 강화영역으로 범주화된 내용으로는 "과잉보호", "비 일관적인 태도", "방임", "부정적 훈육 행위", "권위적 순종 강조" 5개의 범주로 나타났다. 결론 어머니의 양육행위에 대한 내용을 확인하고 변화를 위해서는 교육을 좀 더 구체적이며 체계적으로 운영하며 개개인의 양육행위에 대한 방법을 고려하여 적합한 교육 프로그램의 개발을 통해 추후 효과를 높일 수 있을 것이라고 생각된다.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.122-129
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• 2021

For the Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) problem, a different path results in different SLAM results. Usually, SLAM follows a trail of input data. Active SLAM, which determines where to sense for the next step, can suggest a better path for a better SLAM result during the data acquisition step. In this paper, we will use reinforcement learning to find where to perceive. By assigning entire target area coverage to a goal and uncertainty as a negative reward, the reinforcement learning network finds an optimal path to minimize trajectory uncertainty and maximize map coverage. However, most active SLAM researches are performed in indoor or aerial environments where robots can move in every direction. In the urban environment, vehicles only can move following road structure and traffic rules. Graph structure can efficiently express road environment, considering crossroads and streets as nodes and edges, respectively. In this paper, we propose a novel method to find optimal SLAM path using graph structure and reinforcement learning technique.