• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.463-471
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• 2021

As a tropical plant, the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) has been used for a long time for disease and pest control and medical purposes. In this paper, we reviewed for the active ingredient of neem, the mode of action of azadirachtin in terms of insect growth regulation, repellent, feeding inhibition and oviposition against plant pests. And also we reviewed the current status of practical use in Korea. Among 57 products of neem-based eco-friendly organic agricultural materials distributed in Korea, seven products were certified for their efficacy. The average azadirachtin content of the seven products was 0.38%, which was 5.5 times less than the average content of 2.1% distributed worldwide. In the control effect on neem products in Korea, it showed some variation on aphids, but most showed a control effect of more than 90%. The treatment effects of Lycorma delicatula nymphs were 73-77%, and the control effects for thrips were obtained in the range of 50-72% mortality. The mortality effects against bug and moth species were generally low. It is expected that this review would provide important information necessary for the understanding of distributed neem products and the interpretation of experimental data.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.363-372
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• 2013

This experiment was carried out for development of environment-friendly agriculture materials to control Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in eggplant. Plant growth investigated the spray at intervals of 7 days after transplanting on 8 environment-friendly agriculture materials, such as egg-yolk and cooking oil, Results were to be good in the control and neem products. B. tabaci population density adult and nymph was low at the dinotefuran WG chemical treatment, and also low neem products of environment-friendly agriculture material. We have investigated the effect of different concentration of neem products on B. tabaci population density. Yield was high in the dinotefuran WG, and hight in the neem products and papper seed oil, but low in the sophora extracts and Ginko net sarcocarp. In the case of neem products treatment indicated 52 percent yield more than control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.720-728
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• 2000

The different products of neem (Azadirachta indica) are utilized for variety of purposes in industry, health and animal agriculture in the Indian subcontinent. The cake from seeds after oil extraction is a good source of nutrients (CP: 35-38%; EE: 4.5-5.5%; CF: 12-15%; Ca: 0.75%; P: 0.45% on DM), and in particular, the one out of its kernel is proteinaceous and is relatively balanced in its amino acid and mineral profile. But the cake is toxic and bitter to taste owing to triterpenoids (nimbin, salannin, azadirachtin), which restricts its safe inclusion in livestock diet. Several feeding trials with raw cake have revealed poor palatability and adverse performance among different categories of livestock and poultry. Internal organ changes included histological alteration in intestine, liver, kidney and distruption of spermatogenesis and ovarian activity. Ruminants appears to tolerate reasonably higher levels of the cake and to a limited low levels of dietary inclusion also proved to be tolerable in monogastric farm animals. Debitterization through solvent (hexane, ether) extraction, water washing, alkali (NaOH, 1.5, 2.5 or 3%, wt/wt) soaking and urea (1.5 or 3%, wt/wt) - ammoniation have been tried with appreciable success in improving the palatability and nutritive value of the cake. For enhanced utilization, decortication of neem seeds is to be done effectively at industrial level with maximum oil recovery. The resultant proteinaceous kernel by-product could be a cheaper unconventional protein supplement after suitable processing.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.1246-1250
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• 1999

Rabbits (48) of Soviet chinchilla (24) and White giant (24) were fed from 6 weeks to 12 weeks of age intensively on either of four isonitrogenous - isocaloric diets containing 0 ($D_1$), 5($D_2$), 10($D_3$) and 20($D_4$) percent raw neem seed kernel cake (NSKC), respectively as per NRC (1977) requirements in a Randomized block design and slaughtered at the end to find out differences in their carcass traits due to NSKC feeding. Dietary treatment had no significant effect on weight of edibles and inedibles and their percentages and dressing percentage in terms of carcass, carcass with pluck and carcass with pluck and head. Similarly, the meat-bone ratio of various primal cuts and overall carcass, yield of edibles per unit of inedibles and eye muscle area were not influenced due to the dietary variations. Chemical composition of fresh meat, and organoleptic evaluation of cooked meat with and without salt did not vary significantly due to incorporation of NSKC in the diets. The rabbits fed 20% NSKC ($D_4$) though consumed more (p<0.05) DM and DE per kg meat production, the intake of crude protein and total digestible nutrients was similar with other dietary treatments. Feed cost per unit meat production was, however, lower on 5 and 10% NSKC containing diets by 7.75 and 12.56%, respectively, as compared to deoiled ground nut cake containing control diet. It appears that NSKC could be used as a wholesome vegetable protein supplement upto 10% in diet of rabbits without any adverse effect on commercial carcass traits.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2002

Seven fungicides viz., salcylic acid, bacistin (Carbandazim 50% WP), bayleton (Triadimefon 25% WP), Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb 75% WP), captan (Captaf 50% WP) formaldehyde and benzoic acid at three concentrations (0.50,0.75 and 1.0%) and ten plant products viz., Hena leaf, garlic bulb, tomato leaf, mango bark, cotton leaf, turmeric powder, onion, tulsi leaf, neem leaf and ginger at 1.0,2.0 and 3.0% concentrations were screened against Aspergillus flavus and A. tamarii in vitro. Among fungicides, salcylic acid and bavistin and among plants Hena and Mango bark powder were found to be very effective at all concentrations tested. Based on in vitro screening, only selected six fungicides at 1.0, 1.5 and 2.(0% and six plants at 2.0,4.0 and 6.0% concentrations were tested in vivo for controlling Aspergillosis in silkworm. Salcylic acid and bavistin fungicides and Hena leaf powder and Mango bark powder have shown considerable effect in controlling Aspergillus infection in silkworm at all concentrations tested.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.287-290
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• 2011

Environment friendly agricultural material products (EFAMs) in current market were evaluated for their insecticidal or acaricidal activities. EFAMs were evaluated against Tetranychus urticae, Plutella xylostella, Myzus persicae and Nilaparvata lugens in spray method. Several EFAMs indicated high control value in spray method. Hatchability of T. urticae was relatively high after EFAM treatment. some materials show high insecticidal activities against P. xylostella larvae but not against eggs. Few mete rials showed more than 80% insecticidal activities against M. persicae and N. lugen. The control value of more than half the materials for pest control was lower than 60%. EFAMs containing S. flavescens, neem oil and Rape showed higher control value.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.338-342
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Two Field tests were conducted at Buan and Yangpyung in 2012 and 2013 to confirm controlling effect of mulberry popcorn disease and mulberry Sucker pests which are becoming serious in mass cultivation area of eco-friendly farming mulberry. METHODS AND RESULTS: As the treatments, 4 Natural products and 3 microbials were applied and 4 mulching materials were used. On the prevent effect of mulberry popcorn disease(Sclerotinia shiraiana) by using mulching materials, nonwoven fabric mulching showed worse effect than non-mulched treatment plot. Moreover, rice straw mulching showed significantly worse effect compare to nonwoven fabric and herb mulching treatments. Natural plant extracts and microbials showed 40~65% control value in 2013, which is little bit worse than 2012 results. On the control effect of mulberry Sucker(Amomoneura mori), organic products which combined with neem, sophora and derris showed excellent result as similar control level of Thiophanate-methyl. It means the chemical products can be replaced with organic product. CONCLUSION(S): According to the 2 years studied results, integrate eco-friendly farming measures are recommended for control of mulberry popcorn disease, because any single method is seemed not sufficient enough. However, natural plant extracts mixture is recommended as a product to control of mulberry Sucker.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.463-472
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• 2023

The insecticidal activities of 27 different commercial products with environmentally friendly organic material(EFOM) against Scotinophara lurida, a major rice pest, were evaluated in the laboratory using spraying methods on plants and insects. Seven plant-derived organic farming materials (EFOM-8, -10, -12, -13, -19, -20, and -26) with high insecticidal effects when sprayed directly on the insect's body rather than on the plant were selected. In the indoor rice pot test, all 7 EFOMs showed an insecticidal rate of over 73.3% under flooding conditions. Notably, EFOM-13 and EFOM-20 demonstrated much higher insecticidal rates, ranging from 1.5 to 1.8 times, in flooding conditions compared to drained conditions. In the semi-paddy field test, EFOM-10 (80% garlic extract), EFOM-13 (62% neem extract), and EFOM-26 (70% sophora extract+28% ethyl alcohol+2% pyrethrum extract) exhibited a higher control value of 88.9% in the irrigated paddy on the 7th day, surpassing the control values in the drained paddy by 1.4 to 1.9 times. The control value in the irrigated rice paddy field sprayed with EFOM-10 reached 86.2% on the 7th day, which was 1.4 times higher than 61.9% in the drained paddy. Taken together, the findings suggest that direct contact of the insect's body with sufficient amounts of spray solution and the maintenance of paddy irrigation can enhance the controlling effect of EFOMs. These findings will be valuable in developing an optimal S. lurida control strategy for application in rice paddy fields in the near future.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2015

Insecticidal and antifeeding activities of 29 commercialized eco-friendly organic products for managing plant diseases and insect pests against Plutella xylostella larvae, Spodoptera exigua larvae, Frankliniella occidentalis adults, and Myzus persicae adults were tested using spraying and leaf dipping bioassays under laboratory conditions. Products containing 60% Sophora extract (EOIS) and mixtures (EOISm) with Sophora extract, Stemona japonica extract, Melia azedarach extract, and Nepeta cataria extract as well as mixtures (EOISc) with Sophora extract, Chenopodium ambrosioides extract, and Melia azedarach extract as active ingredients showed strong insecticidal activity at recommended concentration against P. xylostella larvae. At half concentration, their insecticidal activities were decreased under 50%. The EOIS gave good insecticidal activity against S. exigua larvae and also showed 85% and 95% insecticidal activity at 24 and 48 hours after treatment to F. occidentalis adults, respectively. For M. persicae adults, EOISm and mixtures (EOIR) containing rape seed extract, neem extract, and castar oil produced 93% and 68% insecticidal activity, but their activities did not be increased at double concentration. EOISm only showed 100% contact toxicity against M. persicae adults exposed to dipping leaves. Interestingly, the insecticidal activity of EOIR and EOICi (citronella oil and derris extract) against M. persicae adults was increased with exposed time and concentration. In addition, EOICe (cedar oil), EOIS, EOISm, EOISc, EOIM (microorganism), EOIR, EOIPe (plant extract), and EOIT (tea tree extract) gave strong antifeeding activity against S. exigua and P. xylostella larvae. EOIB, EOIBs, EOIM, EOICi, and EOIMc showed above 70% antifeeding activity to the lepidopteran larvae. These results indicate that mixtures containing 2 to 3 plant extracts with Sophora extract show good activities against insect pests, although the difference of insecticidal and antifeeding activities was produced depending on both a tested insect species and an active ingredient or concentration.