• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.453-466
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to make nine classical needles understood easily through interpreting Nine Classical Needles in Rhymes. Methods : The principle of classification and clinical application of Nine Classical Needle was sorted out referring to "The beginning of Nine Classical Needles in Rhymes" and "The prescription and treatment of Nine Classical Needles in Rhymes" which is the chapter of "Golden Mirror of Medicine". Results & Conclusions : The Nine Classical Needles, which were designed to get harmonious interaction between human beings and the nature, have been representative medical appliance in Korean Medicine. The needles consist of shear needle, round-pointed needle, spoon needle, lance needle, stiletto needle, round-sharp needle, filiform needle, long needle, and big needle. Nine Classical Needles in Rhymes was formed in a poem format to help us easily memorize the essential contents of Nine Classical Needles. "The beginning of Nine Classical Needles in Rhymes" dealt with the reasons of making needles and organization principles about Nine Classical Needles. "The prescription and treatment of Nine Classical Needles in Rhymes" sorted main treatment applications of nine needles, helping understand needles as medical appliance.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.313-321
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• 2014

Objectives: Pine needles are used as passive air samplers (PAS) of atmospheric persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This study was carried out in order to investigate whether pine needles can also be used as a PAS of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Methods: PBDEs in one to three year-old pine needles were analyzed with HRGC/HRMS. Results: PBDEs in the atmosphere were accumulated in the pine needles. The rate of increase in concentration of lower substituted PBDEs (tri- through hepta-) in pine needles was linear. The rate of increase of the higher substituted PBDEs (octa- through deca-) was also liner, but only up to two year-old pine needles. The concentration did not increase further in older pine needles. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that young pine needles, those that are two years old or less, are recommended for use as PAS of atmospheric PBDEs.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.382-389
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• 2022

Objectives: The Korean Industrial Standard (KS) for sterile acupuncture needles was established in 2009 based on research on the quality control of acupuncture needles. We aimed to determine the quality of acupuncture needles available in South Korea in 2021 by examining their surface condition and chemical composition using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Methods: In South Korea, there are 23 brands of acupuncture needles, and we examined 10-15 needles from each brand, resulting in a total of 285 needles. The microstructures of the needles were assessed by SEM. Using SEM images, we evaluated the acupuncture needle tips for the following defects/aspects: scratches, lumps, detached coating, bent tip, and tip sharpness. EDS was used to determine the chemical composition of the selected acupuncture needles. Results: Overall, 88.4% of 285 needles were found to have at least one type of abnormality. The most frequently observed abnormalities were scratches and dents on the surface (68.1%), followed by detached coating (63.2%), and lumps (61.8%); blunt tips were observed in about 24% of them. Of 252 needles with at least one defect, 86.9% had two or more types of defects. The ratio of the number of needles with any defect to that of needles without any defect varied among brands, ranging from 50% to 100%. Regarding foreign materials, higher proportions of Si and O were observed on the needles, indicating incomplete or detached silicone coating. Conclusion: The quality of acupuncture needles varied among brands, suggesting that further improvements can be made through various inspection methods.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.222-226
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• 2006

Objective: The aim of this study was to introduce newly developed cooperation group standards of acupuncture needles for single use and to make a contribution to the future development of Korean Industrial Standards (KS) of acupuncture needles for single use. Results and Conclusion: Quality assurance and quality control with high safety profile is one of the most critical issues in medical device manufacturing. Up to now, proper attention has not been paid to this issue with respect to acupuncture needles for single use and their related devices. We, therefore, organized a committee to make guidelines to produce an acupuncture needle with high quality and safety. In the committee, we reviewed the topic from an historical viewpoint, and investigated the current situation of the standardization of acupuncture needles in other developed countries. Finally, we developed the cooperation group standards in advance of development of KS on the acupuncture needles for single use. The standards are composed of 12 sections describing: Scope, Normative references, Definitions, Materials, Configuration, Appearance and Cleanliness, Quality, Sterilization and Safety, Processing of Surface and Coating Material, Test, Packaging, and Labeling. We hope that the standards would be useful guidelines to produce high quality acupuncture needles and play an important role in the development of KS in the future.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제97권5호
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• pp.516-524
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• 2008

We investigated on the distribution of nutrient contents (N. P and K) in current and one-year old needles of Korean pine, Pinus koraiensis, to understand the physiological effects of alternate bearing. One experimental set was designed with three types of cone number (one, three and five) under natural state and cone number of another one was controlled by thinning. Test samples were separated to collect into three fractions; current needles on the shoot and one-year old needles above and under the cone. On the branch without cone, N, P and K concentrations in needles on the shoot were higher than those in needles of one-year old branch. At natural state, needle P concentration was the lowest in needles on the five-cone branch in August. Macronutrient concentrations were the lowest in needles above the cone, which was remarkably observed in needle K concentration. Under cone thinning, N. P and K concentrations were the highest in needles on one-cone branch and the lowest in needles on five-cone branch. Needle nutrient concentrations were the lowest in needles above the cone, which was remarkably observed in the needle on five-cone branch. In conclusion, the current needles of the shoot and cones are a strong sink of nutrient like N. P and K, and the increase of cone number influences nutrient removal from needles.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.320-326
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• 2004

We have extracted the natural pine-needles to use ethanol in solvent, and could obtain the refined oil component from pine-needles extract. We have tested the antimicrobial effect from microbe experiment and analyzed with ICP/OES, GC/MS. we could obtain the next conclusion from the result of this experiment. In the first result of this experiment we could know that in case of increasing concentration of pine-needles, the number of microbe decreased more and more. Also we could know that the refined oil component of pine-needles appeared the sterilization effect of S-aureus and E-coli after 96hrs and 120hrs. So we could know that the refined oil component of appeared effect to microbe. In the second result of this experiment we could know that inorganic materials of Ca, Mg, V, Mn etcs from pine-needles detected to ICP/OES analysis and the aromatic compounds from refined oil component of pine-needles was certificated to GC/MS analysis.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.635-641
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• 1996

As a basic study for preparing pine sprout tea, chemical components in pine sprouts and pine needles were analyzed as follows: In proximate composition the contents of most components except for crude fat were different between in pine sprouts and pine needles. Moisture content in pine sprouts was higher than that in pine needles. Calcium and potassium were major minerals contained in pine sprouts and needles, and their contents in pine needles picked in December were higher than those picked in June. Soluble tannin and vitamin C contents in leaf part of pine sprouts were much higher than those in stem part and their contents in pine needles were increased according to their growth. Free sugars like fructose, glucose and sucrose were contained in both pine sprouts and needles, and their contents in pine sprouts were higher in stem part as compared that in leaf part. Although fourteen kinds of amino acids were detected in pine sprouts and pine needles, their contents were extremely low. Amino acid composition between pine sprouts and pine needles was different each other, but major amino acids contained in them were same, those are acidic amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Amino acid contents in pine needles were increased according to the growth. In fatty acid composition in leaf part of pine sprouts, saturated fatty acid contents were higher than unsaturated fatty acid contents, but in stem part unsaturated fatty acid contents were higher. In pine needles the amount of saturated fatty acid was increased with the growth, but the amount of unsaturated fatty acid was rather decreased.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제88권3호
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• pp.335-341
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• 1999

만성적인 대기오염의 영향을 받고 있는 여천산업단지 지역에서 15개 해송임분을 선정하여 당년생 엽과, 1년생 엽중 수용성 유황의 축적과 질소, 인, 칼륨, 칼슘, 마그네슘 등 무기양료의 함량변화를 파악하였다. 수용성 유황 함량은 당년생 엽이 0.11% - 0.35%. 1년생 엽이 0.13% - 0.32%로서 전 지역에서 대조지역보다 높았다. 질소의 강우 당년생 엽은 0.60% - 1.42%로써 7개 지점에서, 1년생 엽은 0.58% - 0.88%로써 전 지역에서 대조구에 비해 그 함량이 낮아 1년생 엽에서의 질소 결핍이 뚜렷하였다. 인과 칼륨의 경우에는 일부 지역에서 대조구에 비하여 함량이 낮은 수준을 보였다. 칼슘은 당년생 엽에서는 0.12% - 0.35%로 8개 지역에서, 1년생 엽에서는 0.20% 0.37%로써 9개 지역에서 대조구보다 낮았다. 마그네슘은 당년생 엽에서 0.08% - 0.15%로 2개 지역에서, 1년생 엽에서는 0.06% - 1.11%로써 12개 지역에서 결핍증세를 보였다. 대조구를 제외한 15개 지점에 대해서 각 분석 항목이 상관관계를 살펴본 결과 당년생 엽의 경우에 칼슘과 마그네슘은 유황이 축척될수록 유의적으로 감소하였다. 1년생 엽의 경우에는 질소, 칼륨, 칼슘, 마그네슘의 함량이 수용성 유황함량과 유의적인 부의 상관을 나타내 여천산업단지에서 배출되는 황화합물의 퇴적이 해송의 양료상태를 교란시켜 해송림의 쇠퇴에 영향을 미치는 것으로 파악되었다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.196-203
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate usefulness of the pine needles extract on Atopic Dermatitis(AD)-like skin lesions. To investigate the effect of pine needles extract in vivo, atopic dermatitis (NC/Nga) mice using DNCB (2.4-Dinitrochlorbenzene) was used. NC/Nga mice were challenged with DNCB during 2 weeks to develope AD-like skin lesion. After that, pine needles extract was applied to AD-like skin lesion on the backs of the NC/Nga mice during 3 weeks. The efficacy of pine needles extract in the NC/Nga mice was evaluated by measurement of the skin lesion severity(NC mouse score), the serum IgE level, epidermal thickness changes, and mast cell number. Blood was collected from the retro-orbital area and the level of IgE in the blood was measured. The epidermal thickness and mast cell number were observed by microscopic method after H&E stain. The serum IgE levels were decreased after treatment with pine needles extract. The epidermal thickness and mast cell number were decreased after treatment with pine needles extract. To conclude, the topical application of pine needles extract suppressed the progression of AD-like skin lesion.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2005

We extracted pine-needles using ethanol as solvent, and we obtained the refined oil component from pine-needles extract. Also we tested the tyrosinase activated inhibition effect with melanin experiment and analysed with ICP/OES and UV/VIS. Accordingly we obtained the next conclusion from the result of this experiment. From the first result of this experiment, we could know that the degree of recovery of refined oil component from pine-needles extract appeared in about 8.0%. From the second result of this experiment, we could know that the tyrosinase activated inhibition rate increased more and more in case of increasing concentration of pine-needles, green-tea, vitamine-C. Also we could know that vitarnine-C influences to tyrosinase activated inhibition contained in pine-needles. From the third result of this experiment, we could know that inorganic materials of Ca, Mg, V, Mn, etc contained in pine-needles detected with ICP/OES analysis, and the absorbance of pine-needles extract appeared very high in UV/VIS analysis.