• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.801-808
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• 2022

Background: Diesel exhaust particle (DEP) is a harmful kind of particulate matter known to exacerbate pre-existing respiratory diseases. Although their adverse effects on airway pathologies have been widely studied, the mechanistic analysis of signaling pathways and potential targets in reducing DEP-induced mucin secretion and pro-inflammatory cytokine production remain elusive. We, for the first time, investigated the effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) extracts on mucin overproduction and airway inflammation induced by DEP. Methods: The effects of KRG and saponin on DEP-induced expression of MUC5AC and interleukin (IL)-6/8 were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in human airway epithelial NCI-H292 cells. We conducted Western blotting analysis to analyze the associated signaling pathways. To evaluate the effects of saponin treatment on DEP-induced MUC5AC expression and inflammatory cell infiltrations in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and real-time PCR were implemented. Results: The KRG extracts markedly attenuated DEP-induced MUC5AC expression in vitro by inhibiting the TLR4/TRIF/NF-𝛋B pathway. Furthermore, KRG and saponin inhibited DEP-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6/8 production. The in vivo study revealed that saponin blocked DEP-induced inflammation, mucin production and MUC5AC expression. Conclusion: Our study revealed that KRG extracts have inhibitory effects on DEP-induced expression of MUC5AC and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This finding provides novel insights into the mechanism by which saponin alleviates diesel-susceptible airway inflammation, elucidating its potential as a phytotherapeutic agent for inflammatory pathologies of airway.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2004

Objectives: Cancer lethality is usually the result of local invasion and metastasis of neoplastic cell from the primary tumor. Because of their ability to degrade extracellular matrix components, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) have been implicated in the breakdown of basement membrane and underlying stroma, thereby facilitating tumor growth and invasion. It has been well established that MMPs and bFGF expression correlate with cervical lymph node metastasis, but studies on expression in the metastatic cervical lymph node itself are not enough. We have analyzed matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and metastatic cervical lymph node, and evaluated their relationship and clinicophathologic significance. Material and Methods: 20 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were entered on the study of immunohistochemical stains for MMP-9 and bFGF in the obtained tissue from primary tumor and metastatic cervical lymph node. We analyzed the relationship between MMP-9, bFGF expression of the primary tumor and metastatic node with age, sex, T-stage, N-stage, histologic grade, pathologic stage and disease free survival. Results: Expression of MMP-9 and bFGF in cancer cell and metastatic lymph node was higher than that in normal cell and lymph node. According to histologic differentiation, expression of MMP-9 of the metastatic cervical lymph node was higher than primary tumor. Considering to other clinicopathologic factor, no statistical significance was seen in MMP-9 and bFGF. Conclusion: We found that expression of MMP-9 is higher in the metastatic lymph node than primary tumor in the poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. But we don't find out the statistical significance in relation between bFGF and clinical factors. So we guess that some different mechanism of MMP-9 and bFGF in Head & Neck squamous cell carcinoma exist. Further studies will be necessary to establish their pathogenesis in the Head and Neck cancer.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2017

Methylation of CpG islands in the promoter region of genes acts as a significant mechanism of epigenetic gene silencing in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). DNA methylation markers are particularly advantageous because DNA methylation is an early event in tumorigenesis, and the epigenetic modification, 5-methylcytosine, is a stable mark. In the present study, we assessed the genome-wide preliminary screening and were to identify novel methylation biomarker candidate in HNSCC. Genome-wide methylation analysis was performed on 10 HNSCC tumors using the Methylated DNA Isolation Assay (MeDIA) CpG island microarray. Validation was done using immunohistochemistry using tissue microarray of 135 independent HNSCC tumors. In addition, in vitro proliferation, migration/invasion assays, RT-PCR and immunoblotting were performed to elucidate molecular regulating mechanisms. Our preliminary validation using CpG microarray data set, immunohisto-chemistry for HNSCC tumor tissues and in vitro functional assays revealed that methylation of the Homeobox B5 (HOXB5) and H6 Family Homeobox 2 (HMX2) could be possible novel methylation biomarkers in HNSCC.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.148-157
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• 2003

Background and Objectives: Individual genetic susceptibilities to chemical carcinogens have been recognized as a major important host factors in human cancers. The cytochrome P450 family (CYPs) and glutathione S-transferase(GST) have been reported to be associated with risks to the smoking-related human cancers. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes like p53 playa key role in tumor progression. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate an association between p53 overexpression and the prevalence of the genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and GSTs in Korean head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Materials and Methods: The polymorphisms of CYPIA1 and GSTs were analyzed by PCR and PCR-RFLP in 98 Korean head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. The expression of p53 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry with anti-p53 Ab (DO7). Results: Overexpression of p53 detected in 45.9% of HNSCC. The odds ratio for p53 overexpression in GSTM1(-), GSTT1(-), GSTP1(val/val) and CYP1A1(val/val) were 1.53, 1.83, 1.17 and 1.47, respectively. Among the combined genotypes, the odds ratio of the CYP1A1 val/val, GSTM1 (-), CYP1A1 val/val, GSTT1(-), and CYP1A1 val/val, GSTT1(-) were 2.0, 2.34 and 4.68, respectively. Conclusion: Based on our results, it might be suggested that p53 overexpression is slightly increased in GSTM1(-), GSTT1(-), GSTP1 val/val, CYP1A1 val/val genotypes. The further study is needed to evaluate the relationship and mechanism between the p53 overexpression and the specific CYP1A1 and GSTs genotypes.

• 재활복지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.217-231
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• 2017

안면부 및 경부 화상 환자에게 적절한 영양 공급을 위해 일차적으로 고려하여야 할 요소는 삼킴기능의 평가와 재활치료이며, 이와 더불어 타인과의 효과적인 의사소통과 심미적 기능을 만족시키기 위해 말능력에 대한 자세한 평가와 재활 역시 고려하여야 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 안면부 몇 경부화상 환자의 삼킴장애 및 말운동장애, 음성 장애 등을 종합적으로 파악할 수 있는 의사소통장애 선별프로토콜의 예비 문항을 정리하는데 있다. 화상으로 초래되는 여러 가지 의사소통장애를 다루고 있는 국외 연구들을 참고하여 '구강기제(oral mechanism)', '호흡/음성(respiration/voice)', '삼킴(swallowing)', '조음(articulation)'을 포함한 총 4개의 평가영역으로 나누고 하위범주와 이에 필요한 문항들을 작성하였고, 전문가 5인에 의한 내용타당도 검증 후 예비 문항을 선정하였다. 내용타당도 범위는 .50~.84로 나타났다. 구강기제 및 조음 평가 영역에 포함된 대부분의 선별평가 문항들이 적절하게 나타난 것과 다르게 호흡/음성 및 삼킴 평가 영역의 경우, 전문가마다 조금씩 다른 의견을 보이기도 하였다. 안면부 및 경부 화상 환자가 보이는 의사소통장애의 이질적인 특성 상, 본 연구를 통해 정리된 선별 프로토콜 항목을 바탕으로, 향후 화상 환자의 유형 및 중증도별 평가를 통해 각 환자에게 맞춘 평가 양식으로 적절히 수정하여 활용할 수 있을 것으로 예상한다. 이로써 구강조음기관의 기능적 해부와 생리에 대한 지식이 있고 이에 적합한 재활훈련이 가능한 언어재활사들이 화상 환자의 의사소통장애에 대해 더욱 종합적인 평가와 치료 적용이 가능할 것으로 기대한다.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.153-158
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• 2010

Angelica decursiva has been used in Korean traditional medicine as an antitussive, an analgesic, an antipyretic and a cough remedy. However, the anti-cancer properties of Angelica decursiva have not yet been well defined. In our current study the cytotoxic activity of ethanol extracts of Angelica decursiva root (EEAD) and the mechanism of cell death exhibited by EEAD were examined in FaDu human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. The cytotoxic effects of EEAD upon the growth of FaDu cells were examined with an MTT assay. In addition, the mechanism of cell death induced by EEAD was evaluated by DNA fragmentation analysis, immunoblotting and caspase activation measurements. EEAD induced apoptotic cell death in FaDu cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, as determined by MTT assay and DNA fragmentation analysis. Furthermore, the proteolytic processing of caspase-3, -7 and -9 was increased by EEAD treatment of FaDu cells. In addition, the activation of caspase-3 and -7 was detected in living FaDu cells by fluorescence microscopy. These results suggest that EEAD can induce apoptosis and suppress cell growth in cancer cells and may have utility as a future anticancer therapy.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.40-48
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• 1999

The neck of the talus is its most vulnerable and fragile segment, because of narrow diameter, devoid of hyaline padding and honeycombed internally by vascular channels etc. Talar neck fractures comprise 50% of all major to the talus. The majority occurs as a result of high-energy injuries, such as motor vehicle accidents or fall from a height. Anatomically, talar surface is covered mainly with articular cartilage and blood supply to the talus is very poor. So, complications, such as non-union, avascular necrosis and post traumatic arthritis, are frequent. The authors reviewed fourteen cases of talar neck fractures treated in our clinics from Jan. 1992 to Mar. 1997, and average follow-up period was over 15 months. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Patients' average age was 31.2 years. 2. The most common cause was traffic accident(9/14, 64%), and hyperdorsiflexion injury of the ankle was common mechanism of the fractures. 3. According to the modified Hawkins classification, type I was four cases, type II was nine cases, type III was one case and type IV was no case. 4. Hawkins sign of subcortical radiolucency was found in 64% (9/14) of the fractures. 5. Avascular necrosis was occurred in 21% (3/14) of the fractures(in two cases of type II fractures, and in one of type III). 6. According to the Hawkins criteria, four cases in type I, five in type II were an excellent result. Two cases, one in type II and one in type III were good result, and two in type II were fair. One in type II was poor result.

• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.34-37
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• 2003

Postoperative stroke is uncommon even in elderly patients, who have a higher incidence of all types of postoperative complications. The mechanism of postoperative stroke is not certain, but can be explained by intravascular clottings originated from thrombus or embolus or by intracranial hemorrhage. In a 66-year-old male patient with current hypertension medication, who underwent both neck dissection for malignancy metastasis under general anesthesia, the left hemiparesis and delayed emergency were found postoperatively. After transferred to intensive care unit, he got the thrombolytic therapy and then the therapies to decrease the swelling of the brain on the diagnosis of cerebral infarction in the vascular distribution of the middle cerebral artery. A brain MRI definitely showed the midline deviation to the left of the right brain hemisphere due to the progressing edematous changes. As he got worse, the emergency neurosurgical operation was proposed but rejected by his family. He died at postoperative 3 days. In this hypertensive patient. perioperative stroke could be originated from the surgical stimuli on major vessels, which were inevitable in neck dissection during the operation. We report this case of the postoperative stroke, which could be highly possible to be associated with extensive head and neck surgery.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.5.1-5.11
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• 2021

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most frequent type of head and neck cancer that usually arises from the mucosal surfaces of several organs including nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, tongue, pharynx, and larynx. The Wnt signaling pathway is a crucial mechanism for cellular maintenance and development. It regulates cell cycle progression, apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Dysregulation of this pathway correlates with oncogenesis in various tissues including breast, colon, pancreatic as well as head and neck cancers. The present study aims to assess the gene alterations in the Wnt family of genes so as to derive an association with HNSCC. Computational approaches have been utilized for the identification of gene alterations in the Wnt family of genes. Several databases such as cBioportal, STRING, and UALCAN were used for the purpose. The frequency of alteration was high in case of Wnt family member 11 (5%). Gene amplification, deep deletions, missense and truncating mutations were observed in HNSCC patients. There was a marked difference in the gene expression profile of WNT11 between grades as well as normal samples. The survival probability measured using the Kaplan-Meier curve also presented with a significant difference among male and female subjects experiencing a low/medium level expression. The female patients showed less survival probability when compared to the male subjects. This provides the prognostic significance of the WNT11 gene in HNSCC. Taken together, the present study provides clues on the possible association of WNT11 gene alterations with HNSCC, which has to be further validated using experimental approaches.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2019

Background and Objectives: The antioxidant ebselen will be able to limit or prevent the ototoxicity arising from 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD). Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease is a disorder of lysosomal storage manifested in sphingolipidosis. Recently, it was noted that experimental use of HPβCD could partially resolve the symptoms in both animals and human patients. Despite its desirable effect, HPβCD can induce hearing loss, which is the only major side effect noted to date. Understanding of the pathophysiology of hearing impairment after administration of HPβCD and further development of preventive methods are essential to reduce the ototoxic side effect. The mechanisms of HPβCD-induced ototoxicity remain unknown, but the resulting pathology bears some resemblance to other ototoxic agents, which involves oxidative stress pathways. To indirectly determine the involvement of oxidative stress in HPβCD-induced ototoxicity, we tested the efficacy of an antioxidant reagent, ebselen, on the extent of inner ear side effects caused by HPβCD. Materials and Methods: Ebselen was applied prior to administration of HPβCD in mice. Auditory brainstem response thresholds and otopathology were assessed one week later. Bilateral effects of the drug treatments also were examined. Results: HPβCD-alone resulted in bilateral, severe, and selective loss of outer hair cells from base to apex with an abrupt transition between lesions and intact areas. Ebselen co-treatment did not ameliorate HPβCD-induced hearing loss or alter the resulting histopathology. Conclusions: The results indirectly suggest that cochlear damage by HPβCD is unrelated to reactive oxygen species formation. However, further research into the mechanism(s) of HPβCD otopathology is necessary.