• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.3640-3644
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• 2012

An efficient synthetic method for direct Henry reaction catalyzed by a biguanide; namely metformin, as an organosuper-base, between a variety of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes and nitromethane under neat conditions has been developed. Convenient procedure for removal of the catalyst, chemoselective acquiring of ${\beta}$-nitroalcohols as predominant products, as far as possible short reaction time with excellent conversions are advantages of the developed protocol.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 1997

The photochemical reactions of the neat chloroform and the aqueous chloroform in the absence (saturated with argon) and presence of 02 (saturated with air or oxygen) have been investigated using 184.9 nm UV light. The irradiation of the deoxygenated neat chloroform causes the formation of hexachloroethane, pentachloroethane, and 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethane. The initial quantum yields of the products were determined to be 6.37 x 10$^{-4}$, 4.04 x 10$^{-4}$ and 1.76 x 10$^{-4}$, respectively. In the irradiation of aqueous chloroform, chloride ion was also formed along with the products listed above and 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethane was the predominant product among the chlorinated organic products, which contrasts to the case of the neat chloroform. The presence of oxygen during the irradiation of aqueous chloroform had an effect on the yield of the products. With increasing the concentration of oxygen, the formation of the products was decreased. Probable reaction mechanisms for the photochemical reaction were presented on the basis of products analysis.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2012

As a part of abating formaldehyde emission of urea-formaldehyde resin, this study was conducted to investigate the rmalcure kinetics of both neat and modified urea-formaldehyde resins using differential scanning calorimetry. Neat urea-formaldehyde resins with three different formaldehyde/urea mol ratios (1.4, 1.2 and 1.0) were modified by adding three different additives (sodium bisulfite, sodium hydrosulfite and acrylamide) at two different levels (1 and 3wt%). An isoconversional method at four different heating rates was employed to characterize thermal cure kinetics of these urea-formaldehyde resins to obtain activation energy ($E{\alpha}$) dependent on the degree of conversion (${\alpha}$). The $E{\alpha}$ values of neat urea-formaldehyde resins (formaldehyde/urea = 1.4 and 1.2) consistently changed as the ${\alpha}$ increased. Neat and modified urea-formaldehyde resins of these two F/U mol ratios did show a decrease of the $E{\alpha}$ at the final stage of the conversion while the $E{\alpha}$ of neat urea-formaldehyde resin (formaldehyde/urea = 1.0) increased as the ${\alpha}$ increased, indicating the presence of incomplete cure. However, the change of the $E{\alpha}$ values of all urea-formaldehyde resins was consistent to that of the Ea values. The isoconversional method indicated that thermal cure kinetics of neat and modified urea-formaldehyde resins showed a strong dependence on the resin viscosity as well as diffusion control reaction at the final stage of the conversion.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.353-364
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• 2022

The crystalline domain of thermosetting urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins at low formaldehyde-to-urea (F/U) molar ratios (≤ 1.0) is known to be responsible for their poor performance as wood adhesives. Crystallization has been observed in 1.0 F/U UF resins during the addition reaction stage and at the end of the synthesis process (neat UF resins). The crystallinity and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of the uncured neat UF resins, on the other hand, differed significantly from those of the cured neat UF resins, raising the possibility that their crystal structures were also different. This study demonstrates for the first time that the crystalline domains in 1.0 F/U UF resins generated from uncured and cured samples are identical. Despite having a lower crystallinity value, the synchrotron XRD patterns of purified neat UF resins were equivalent to the XRD patterns of cured neat UF resins. Transmission electron microscope images of the cured UF resins showed that the crystals were lamellar structures. This finding suggests that the crystal at low molar ratio UF resins are isotropic polycrystals with random orientation.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2015

A study of the effects of MWCNT as a nucleating agent on the formation reactions of the rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) was carried out. Sample PUFs, formulated with grease-type master batch of MWCNT/surfactant, were fabricated by free-rising method. Temperature changes with time during foaming process were measured using a digital thermometer. RPUF foaming process was observed to undergo 2-step processes with temperature inflection around 60 sec after the start of reaction, and then reached slowly the max. temperature. While the max. temperature of neat PUF was measured as ca. $120^{\circ}C$, that of the samples with MWCNT were as higher value as ca. $130^{\circ}C$, and, even the time to reach that temperature was reduced by about 15 sec. Average cell size of PUF samples decreased from 185.1 for the neat PUF to $162.9{\mu}m$ for the sample of 0.01 phr of MWCNT. As the result, it was considered that MWCNT in RPUF foaming process could play a roll both as a nucleating agent and as a catalyst.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.2051-2053
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• 2005

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.856-862
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• 2009

This study examined the effects of liquid and solid additives on the morphological, mechanical and thermal insulating properties of rigid polyurethane foams (PUFs). The PUFs synthesized with tetramethylsilane (TEMS) as a liquid-type additive showed a smaller average cell size and lower thermal conductivity than those with the aerosil 200 and clay 30B as solid-type additives. When TEMS was added, the average cell size of the PUF became more uniform and finer due to the reduced surface tension of the polymer solution, which increased the nucleation rate and number of bubbles produced and reduced cell size. The PUFs with TEMS showed the highest closed cell contents among the PUFs prepared using TEMS, aerosil 200 and clay 30B. This suggests that the insulation properties of PUF can be determined by both the size of the cell structure and the amount of closed cell contents in the system. The compression and flexural strengths of the PUF increased slightly when the aerosil 200, clay 30B and TEMS were added compared those of the neat PUF. The reaction profiles of the PUFs showed a similar gel and tack tree time with the reaction time among the PUFs synthesized with three different additives and neat PUF. This suggests that the nucleating additives used in this study do not affect the bubble growth of the chemical reaction, and the additives may act as nucleating agents during the formation of PUF. From the above results of the cell size, thermal conductivity, closed cell contents and reaction profile of the PUFs, liquid-type nucleating agent, such as TEMS, is more effective in decreasing the thermal conductivity of the PUF than solid-type nucleating agent, such as aerosil 200 and clay 30B.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 1990

The reaction of 2-aminobenzamide with phthalic acid anhydride In dioxane produced a bicyclic product 2,8-dioxoisoindole(1,2,a) quinazoline (I) in addition to hydrolysis product 2(2-Carboxyphenyl)-1,2-2H-quinazoline-4-one (II). The yields were 64% and 30% respectively. On the other hand, the same reaction in DMF afforded compound (I) and 2(2N-dimethyl carbamyl phenyl)-1,4-2H-quinazoline-4-one (III) in 30% and 60% yield respectively. The compound III was also obtained by the reaction of compound II with dimethylamine. However the reaction of 2-aminobenzamide with neat succinic acid anhydride gave only bicyclic product 2,8-oxopyrrolidine (2,1,a)-1,4-2H-quinazoline (IV) in 93%.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.427-432
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• 2002

The combustion behavior of heavy oil and its emulsion with water was evaluated. The concentration of $SO_x$ in the combustion gas of emulsion oil was reduced to 57% with respect to that of the combustion gas from neat heavy oil. Also, the concentration of $NO_x$ in the combustion gas of emulsion oil was reduced to 67% with respect to that of the combustion gas of neat heavy oil. These reductions of $SO_x$ in the combustion gas of emulsion oil seems to be due to the reaction with salts included in surfactant of emulsion oil. Also, the combustion efficiency of emulsion oil is evaluated to be about 6% higher than that of neat heavy oil.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.24-33
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• 2016

The grafting reaction for maleic anhydride (MA) onto high density polyethylene (HDPE) was investigated from solution process with initiators. The chemical modification of neat HDPE was carried out with various contents of MA (3-21 wt.%) and initiator (0.2-1 wt.%) at different temperature ($80-130^{\circ}C$). The grafting degree was obtained from the titration and the highest grafting degree was 3.1%. The grafting degree increased as the content of MA and initiator increased, however, the highest grafting degree was demonstrated for a particular content of MA and initiator. In the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics, the Ozawa model was unsuitable method to investigate the crystallization behavior of MA onto HDPE, whereas the Avrami and Liu models found effective. The crystallization rate was accelerated as the cooling rate increased, but postponed by combination of MA onto neat HDPE backbone.