• Medical Lasers
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 2020

Background and Objectives The ultimate goal in current skin rejuvenation practice is to achieve a good result with minimal pain and downtime. Nonablative skin rejuvenation (NSR) is one technique. The efficacy of the long-pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser (LPNDY) has not been assessed in NSR. Materials and Methods Three target areas were selected (bilateral cheeks and glabellar region) in six volunteer subjects. A LPNDY with an integral skin temperature monitor delivered three stacked shots to each target area (1064 nm, 12 mm spot, 13 J/cm², 1 Hz) without any skin cooling or anesthesia. The skin temperature was recorded before, during, and after each set of shots using the system monitor and in real-time using a high-sensitivity (±0.001℃) near-infrared video camera. The skin reaction was observed with the naked eye, and pain and discomfort were assessed by the subjects during and after treatment. Results The subjects reported a mild feeling of heat with no discomfort during or after the test treatments. Mild erythema was observed around the treatment areas, without noticeable edema. A series of three ascending skin temperature stepwise peaks, with a decrease in skin temperature towards the baseline after the third shot, was observed consistently. The mean temperatures for shots 1, 2, and 3 for the cheeks were 39.5℃, 42.0℃, and 44.4℃, respectively, and for the glabella, 40.8℃, 43.9℃, and 46.2℃, respectively. Similar ranges were indicated on the system integral temperature monitor. Conclusion A set of three stacked pulses with the LPNDY at a low fluence achieved ideal dermal temperatures to achieve some dermal remodeling but without any downtime or adverse events. The temperature data from the integral thermal sensor matched the video camera measurements with practical accuracy for skin rejuvenation requirements. These data suggest that LPNDY would satisfy the necessary criteria to achieve effective NSR, but further studies will be needed to assess the actual results in clinical practice.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.315-326
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• 2023

The design principles and implementation of rebar lap splice in architectural structures are governed by building regulations. Nevertheless, the minimization of rebar-cutting waste (RCW) is often impeded by the mandatory requirements pertaining to the rebar lapping zone as prescribed in design codes. In real-world construction scenarios, compliance with these rules often falls short due to hurdles concerning productivity, quality, safety, time, and cost. This discrepancy between code stipulations and on-the-ground construction practices necessitates an academic exploration. The goal of this research was to delve into the effect of rebar lap splice placement on the robustness and constructability of building edifices. The study initially took on a review of the computation of rebar lapping length and the rules revolving around the lapping zone. Following this, a structural robustness and constructability examination was undertaken, focusing on adherence to the lap splice zone. The interpretations and deductions of the research led to the following insights: (1) the efficacy of rebar lap splice is not solely contingent on the moment, and (2) the implementation of rebar lap splice beyond the specified zone can match the structural integrity and robustness of those confined within the designated area. As a result, the constraints on the rebar lapping zone ought to be revisited and possibly relaxed. The conclusions drawn from this research are anticipated to reconcile the disconnect between building codes and practical construction conditions, furnishing invaluable academic substantiation to further the endeavor of achieving near-zero RCW.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.136-141
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a breath control training system for breath-hold technique and respiratory-gated radiation therapy wherein the patients can learn breath-hold techniques in their convenient environment. Methods: The breath control training system comprises a sensor device and software. The sensor device uses a loadcell sensor and an adjustable strap around the chest to acquire respiratory signals. The device connects via Bluetooth to a computer where the software is installed. The software visualizes the respiratory signal in near real-time with a graph. The developed system can signal patients through visual (software), auditory (buzzer), and tactile (vibrator) stimulation when breath-holding starts. A motion phantom was used to test the basic functions of the developed breath control training system. The relative standard deviation of the maxima of the emulated free breathing data was calculated. Moreover, a relative standard deviation of a breath-holding region was calculated for the simulated breath-holding data. Results: The average force of the maxima was 487.71 N, and the relative standard deviation was 4.8%, while the average force of the breath hold region was 398.5 N, and the relative standard deviation was 1.8%. The data acquired through the sensor was consistent with the motion created by the motion phantom. Conclusions: We have developed a breath control training system comprising a sensor device and software that allow patients to learn breath-hold techniques in their convenient environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2024

This study focused on quantifying fugitive dust levels around rural village adjacent near a stone quarry, specifically examining the influence of quarry operations and gravel transport vehicles on road dust dispersion. For this purpose, fugitive dust concentration monitoring was conducted to understand the impact of gravel transport vehicles operating through the quarry area on the generation of road dust. Gravimetric analysis indicated substantial increases in Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) concentration (5.8 times), PM-10 (3.6 times), and PM-2.5 (2.0 times) during quarry operations on the quarry transport road. Real-time monitoring during dump truck operation revealed average dust concentrations of TSP 566.8 ㎍/m³, PM-10 174.8 ㎍/m³, and PM-2.5 55.3 ㎍/m. This indicates a significant increase compared to non-operation periods, with TSP concentration rising by 5.8 times, PM-10 concentration by 3.6 times, and PM-2.5 concentration by 2.0 times. Significantly elevated dust levels were observed at the village entrance road and quarry transport road during quarry operations, with PM-10 exceeding regulatory limits by 2.2 times and PM-2.5 exceeding limits by 1.9 times on the quarry transport road. Especially, particles with a diameter greater than 10 ㎛ exhibited a meaningful increase during dump truck transportation. Considering these findings, the study recommends implementing dust mitigation measures, including the introduction of dust barriers, screens, and wheel washing facilities for quarry-bound dump trucks.

• Clean Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.316-323
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• 2019

In order to enhance combustion efficiency and reduce atmosphere pollutants, it is essential to measure carbon monoxide (CO) concentration precisely in combustion exhaust. CO is the important gas species regarding pollutant emission and incomplete combustion because it can trade off with NOx and increase rapidly when incomplete combustion occurs. In the case of a steel annealing system, CO is generated intentionally to maintain the deoxidation atmosphere. However, it is difficult to measure the CO concentration in a combustion environment in real-time, because of unsteady combustion reactions and harsh environment. Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS), which is an optical measurement method, is highly attractive for measuring the concentration of certain gas species, temperature, velocity, and pressure in a combustion environment. TDLAS has several advantages such as sensitive, non-invasive, and fast response, and in-situ measurement capability. In this study, a combustion system is designed to control the equivalence ratio. Also, the combustion exhaust gases are produced in a Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)/air flame. Measurement of CO concentration according to the change of equivalence ratio is confirmed through TDLAS method and compared with the simulation based on Voigt function. In order to measure the CO concentration without interference from other combustion products, a near-infrared laser at 4300.6 cm^-1 was selected.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.89-106
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• 2022

Recently, the amount of video data collected from smartphones, CCTVs, black boxes, and high-definition cameras has increased rapidly. According to the increasing video data, the requirements for analysis and utilization are increasing. Due to the lack of skilled manpower to analyze videos in many industries, machine learning and artificial intelligence are actively used to assist manpower. In this situation, the demand for various computer vision technologies such as object detection and tracking, action detection, emotion detection, and Re-ID also increased rapidly. However, the object detection and tracking technology has many difficulties that degrade performance, such as re-appearance after the object's departure from the video recording location, and occlusion. Accordingly, action and emotion detection models based on object detection and tracking models also have difficulties in extracting data for each object. In addition, deep learning architectures consist of various models suffer from performance degradation due to bottlenects and lack of optimization. In this study, we propose an video analysis system consists of YOLOv5 based DeepSORT object tracking model, SlowFast based action recognition model, Torchreid based Re-ID model, and AWS Rekognition which is emotion recognition service. Proposed model uses single-linkage hierarchical clustering based Re-ID and some processing method which maximize hardware throughput. It has higher accuracy than the performance of the re-identification model using simple metrics, near real-time processing performance, and prevents tracking failure due to object departure and re-emergence, occlusion, etc. By continuously linking the action and facial emotion detection results of each object to the same object, it is possible to efficiently analyze videos. The re-identification model extracts a feature vector from the bounding box of object image detected by the object tracking model for each frame, and applies the single-linkage hierarchical clustering from the past frame using the extracted feature vectors to identify the same object that failed to track. Through the above process, it is possible to re-track the same object that has failed to tracking in the case of re-appearance or occlusion after leaving the video location. As a result, action and facial emotion detection results of the newly recognized object due to the tracking fails can be linked to those of the object that appeared in the past. On the other hand, as a way to improve processing performance, we introduce Bounding Box Queue by Object and Feature Queue method that can reduce RAM memory requirements while maximizing GPU memory throughput. Also we introduce the IoF(Intersection over Face) algorithm that allows facial emotion recognized through AWS Rekognition to be linked with object tracking information. The academic significance of this study is that the two-stage re-identification model can have real-time performance even in a high-cost environment that performs action and facial emotion detection according to processing techniques without reducing the accuracy by using simple metrics to achieve real-time performance. The practical implication of this study is that in various industrial fields that require action and facial emotion detection but have many difficulties due to the fails in object tracking can analyze videos effectively through proposed model. Proposed model which has high accuracy of retrace and processing performance can be used in various fields such as intelligent monitoring, observation services and behavioral or psychological analysis services where the integration of tracking information and extracted metadata creates greate industrial and business value. In the future, in order to measure the object tracking performance more precisely, there is a need to conduct an experiment using the MOT Challenge dataset, which is data used by many international conferences. We will investigate the problem that the IoF algorithm cannot solve to develop an additional complementary algorithm. In addition, we plan to conduct additional research to apply this model to various fields' dataset related to intelligent video analysis.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.582-589
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• 2010

As a part of the back-end fuel cycle, transportation of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) from nuclear power plants (NPPs) to a fuel storage facility is very important in establishing a nuclear fuel cycle. In Korea, the accumulated amount of SNF in the NPP pools is troublesome since the temporary storage facilities at these NPP pools are expected to be full of SNF within ten years. Therefore, Korea cannot help but plan for the construction of an interim storage facility to solve this problem in the near future. Especially, a decision on several factors, such as where the interim storage facility should be located, how many casks a transport ship can carry at a time and how many casks are initially required, affect the configuration of the transportation system. In order to analyze the various possible candidate scenarios, we assumed four cases for the interim storage facility location, three cases for the load capacity that a transport ship can carry and two cases for the total amount of casks used for transportation. First, this study considered the currently accumulated amount of SNF in Korea, and the amount of SNF generated from NPPs until all NPPs are shut down. Then, how much SNF per year must be transported from the NPPs to an interim storage facility was calculated during an assumed transportation period. Second, 24 candidate transportation scenarios were constructed by a combination of the decision factors. To construct viable yearly transportation schedules for the selected 24 scenarios, we created a spreadsheet program named TranScenario, which was developed by using MS EXCEL. TranScenario can help schedulers input shipping routes and allocate transportation casks. Also, TranScenario provides information on the cask distribution in the NPPs and in the interim storage facility automatically, by displaying it in real time according to the shipping routes, cask types and cask numbers that the user generates. Once a yearly transportation schedule is established, TranScenario provides some statistical information, such as the voyage time, the availability of the interim storage facility, the number of transported casks sent from the NPPs, and the number of transported casks received at the interim storage facility. By using this information, users can verify and validate a yearly transportation schedule. In this way, the 24 candidate scenarios could be constructed easily. Finally, these 24 scenarios were compared in terms of their operation cost.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.143-154
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• 2004

The researchers, who seek geological and environmental information, depend on the remote sensing and aerial photographic datum from various commercial satellites and aircraft. However, the adverse weather conditions and the expensive equipment can restrict that the researcher can collect their data anywhere and any time. To allow for better flexibility, we have developed a compact, a multi-spectral automatic Aerial photographic system(PKNU 2). This system's Multi-spectral camera can catch the visible(RGB) and infrared(NIR) bands($3032{\times}2008$ pixels) image. Visible and infrared bands images were obtained from each camera respectively and produced Color-infrared composite images to be analyzed in the purpose of the environment monitor but that was not very good data. Moreover, it has a demerit that the stereoscopic overlap area is not satisfied with 60% due to the 12s storage time of each data, while it was possible that PKNU 2 system photographed photos of great capacity. Therefore, we have been developing the advanced PKNU 2(PKNU 3) that consists of color-infrared spectral camera can photograph the visible and near infrared bands data using one sensor at once, thermal infrared camera, two of 40 G computers to store images, and MPEG board to compress and transfer data to the computer at the real time and can attach and detach itself to a helicopter. Verification and calibration of each sensor(REDLAKE MS 4000, Raytheon IRPro) were conducted before we took the aerial photographs for obtaining more valuable data. Corrections for the spectral characteristics and radial lens distortions of sensor were carried out.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.132-139
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• 2016

This study was carried out near the waters of Jango port, Dangjin-gun, Chungcheongnam-do by utilizing 10kHz carrier frequency, for the purpose of measurement and analysis of underwater channel environment of the Western sea. For the measurement of horizontal channel environment, the separation distance between transmitter and receiver is made differently in the range between 10m and 4000m. Meanwhile, for the measurement of vertical channel environment, transmission and receiving side ships are fixed as contacted each other and measured differently depending on their depth of submergence. In this study, the Coherence Bandwidth and the Coherence Time were estimated by analyzing the Power delay profile of the real sea based on the measured data, and analyzing the doppler frequency through frequency conversion of received tone-signal, respectively. This study is expected to become a base study in carrying out the frame design for underwater communication to improve the communication and secure the reliability of communication in future underwater channel environment.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.133-146
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• 2021

Providing weather information on roads today means that the road weather conditions near weather observation points are presented to road managers and road users. These weather observation points are managed by the Korea Meteorological Administration. However, it is difficult to provide accurate weather information due to physical limitations such as the presence of precipitation collection points, distance to weather information provision roads, and the presence of mountains. Therefore, this study intends to perform a comparative analysis by time zone and administrative dong provided by the Meteorological Administration using the wiper information among the information contained in the PVD(Probe Vehicle Data) collected from the highway C-ITS project. As a result of the analysis it was possible to detect rainfall even in the event of local rainfall and rainfall over a long period of time and the higher the cumulative precipitation per hour, the higher the probability of coincidence. This study is meaningful because it used PVD to solve the limitations of the existing road weather information provision method and suggested utilization plan for PVD.