• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.303-313
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• 1997

A new evaluation technique, i.e. multicriterion matrix technique, on the vegetation assessment was proposed and compared with several techniques having been previously used in the environmental impact assessment. Four criterias and 10 subcriterias were selected for two evaluation indices such as vegetation naturalness value and vegetation class. These criterias were characterized by syntaxonomical informations of hemeroby concept and potential vegetation, hierarchical system between criterias, and ordinal scale of vegetation naturalness valuse. Vegetation naturalness values were classified into 11 ordinal levels and condensed to five vegetation classes for facilitating practical use. In the example study two sites were compared by using two indices. This technique could have useful applications for ssessment of regional vegetation. A vegetation map of naturalness described by combination of two indices was proposed in order to illustrate regional vegetation naturalness.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 2012

The Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map (ECVAM) is a five grade assessment map created with nationally integrated environmental information and environmental values. The map is made through the evaluation of 65 items, including greenbelt area and naturalness. Naturalness means original state of nature, and it is one of the most important evaluation items for conserving nature. The criteria of naturalness includes the Degree of Green Naturality (DGN) made by MOE. Using the data which has been not updated is a problem of accuracy for ECVAM. Therefore, this study would like to improve the criteria of naturalness. To improve the criteria, the study examined the effectiveness of DGN using field survey. The results of analysis the naturalness without DGN, some area changed grade of naturalness have been already damaged or cleared for agriculture and industrial purposes. The grade of naturalness should be included the concept of vegetation transition like DGN. The study suggested a improved method using vegetation type (natural and planted forest), forest age, and the grade of vegetation conservation. The method was reviewed by experts and field survey. After applying the method in South Korea, the grade of naturalness were distributed evenly like GradeI is 38.87%, GradeII is 37.62%, GradeIII is 23.51%, respectively. From the results of field survey, over 4 grade of forest age in natural forest showed similar pattern of structure and composition in original forests. Therefore, the improved criteria explained the naturalness better than existing criteria, and the accuracy of ECVAM has been improved more.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.505-512
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• 2004

This study was attempted to review the information data for minimizing the destruction of environmental naturalness and the visual damage of landscape from road construction by establishing a model of environmental naturalness for national roads in the suburb areas to suggest an answer to a research question, ' hat does decide the environmental naturalness of roadscape?'. We found that 1) The road-side slope showed no statistical significance in the description of environmental naturalness of roadscape, but the fact that the road-side slope from road construction is the destruction of natural topography cannot be overlooked. 2) In terms of the direction of value variations for independent variables, signboard and telegraph post, soundproofing and protection wall, structure, and building acted toward negative (-) direction, while mountains, sky, road trees, fields, and surrounding green including the road-side slope acted toward positive(+) direction. 3) The variable with highest relative contribution to dependent variables among independent variables is building, which has importance as many as 148 times of road-side slope, while the variable road-side slope has the least importance. Building has the importance of 7.22 times, mountains 5.51 times, road trees 2.59 times, surrounding green 2.54 times, structure 2.41 times, signboard and telegraph post 2.37 times, soundproofing and protection wall 2.20 times, and sky 1.32 times of the fields as a standard criterion values 1.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.42-57
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• 1997

The multicriterion matrix technique (MM-technique) was proposed for a method of monitoring and assessment about vegetation naturalness. Four criteria and 10 subcriteria were selected and two evaluation indices such as VN-value and VN-class were used. The criteria were characterized by syntaxonomical informations of hemeroby concept and potential natural vegetation, hierarchical system between criteria, and ordinal scale of VN-values. VN-values were classified into 11 ordinal levels and condensed to five VN-classes for facilitating practical use. A vegetation map of naturalness described by combination o( two indices was proposed as an alternative resolution of the DGN map. We also discuss the organization of the map content which is a matter of grid size (unit-area). In the case study, a grid size proper to show a full account of real information of actual vegetation is less 250-grid (250 $\times$ 250 $m^2$) in a medium size of city area containing relatively fragmented ecosystems. In conclusion, it was recognized that this new assessment technique was useful and vegetation assessment was accomplished with the smaller grid size in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.89-100
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• 2021

This study evaluated the degree of interaction between the people and the environment using perceived naturalness measure. The seventh-grade index of Hemeroby was divided into subclasses of land cover according to degrees of human influence. The grade was standardized for each indicator to evaluate the current state of urban parks in Seoul by applying probability density function and weight. User evaluation was conducted on six distinctive parks selected. In the results, three implications were found between spatial evaluation according to the perceived naturalness. First, park users evaluated highly for the spaces such as broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest and mixed forest evaluated highly in the Hemeroby grade index. Park users generally recognized that various types of trees in the area had high naturalness. The density of trees is one of the factors in perceived naturalness. Second, water spaces were highly evaluated for naturalness in the Hemeroby grade index. However, the perceived naturalness of water spaces such as inland wetlands, pond and reservoir evaluated in various ways depending on environmental conditions around the park. Third, perceived naturalness is easily evaluated through vertical landscape elements such as trees rather than horizontal landscapes such as grassland. The perceived naturalness is similar to the naturalness evaluation using land cover. However the study found the perceived naturalness for a specific space was different from the Hemeroby index. Perceived naturalness by the user includes the content that the individual sees, hears, and experiences. Park users are usually structuring naturalness through evaluating the value of urban green spaces based on personal perception. Therefore there is no absolute standard criterion for evaluating the naturalness of urban green spaces. A deeper study is needed that considers user bundles or user groups with conflicting interests on the perceived naturalness in urban parks. These studies will be essential data on the direction of naturalness urban park service should provide.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.107-121
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• 2023

The assessment of perceived naturalness aims to elucidate the human perception and explain the interaction between natural environments and humans. The perception of ecological assets that exhibit distinct characteristics within a specific region can manifest in various representations. Based on the users' perceptions and interviews regarding ecological assets, this study assessed the perceived naturalness from a cultural services perspective. Specifically, the discussions on Ansan City's ecological assets and revolved around the inherent value of naturalness in dimensions, such as the necessity for conservation and the sustainable development of ecological assets, the perception of ecosystem benefits, the representativeness as a local asset, and usability. Subsequently, the Q method was employed to present 25 representative ecological assets to 25 users. As a result, user groups with different value systems for each question were identified, and hypothetical personas for cultural service enjoyment were distinguished. The most representative persona among the 25 users was identified as AWP (a type that values the conservation of aquatic ecosystems, prefers waterfront landscapes, and enjoys walking). Since perceived naturalness is conceptually similar to the "benefits perceived by users" in evaluating ecosystem services, it can provide more practical evaluation criteria for cultural services.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.32-41
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to assess naturalness of each and use type for Daegu and provide the basic data for urban green space planning. The results are as follows: 1) As a result of periodic analysis, It is known that in the 1400´s that the rate of a-/oligo-/meso-hemeroby was over 90% of that area, in which naturalness was very high. By the 2020´s, the population will increase to about 3,500,000 and the occupation rae of meat-and poly-hemeroby, where naturalness is very low, is expected to increase rapidly. 2) The recent land uses of Daegu are divided ito 17 types. In the survey of a occupation rate of each land use type, a forest are occupies 48.8% of the entire area. The military installation zone is lowest with 0.07%. 3) Investigation of a dominant hemeroby grade in each land use type showed that the urban complex area in characterized by meta-hemeroby : and the space for pavement and building construction where naturalness is lowest. On the other hand, oligo-hemeroby that is worth being preserved was surveyed to be dominant in woodlands and natural forests. 4) In the analysis of hemeroby mapping in the process of a green space planning, it is clear that hemeroby will be used a s a tool that assesses the suitability for recreation activity of each sample case. For example, it enables a poly-hemeroby region to be utilized as a near-natural recreation area including $\beta$-and $\alpha$-euhemeroby region in Daegu. Besides, hemeroby can provide basic data to make a value judgement of each sample case with a view to preservation of nature.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1177-1192
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• 2011

As a free creature that can fly in the sky, the bird has been an object of admiration and mystery and a mediator between human beings and the heavens. This study aims to clarify the aesthetic value of birds through study of the various expressions of the bird image on clothing and by the formative will of designers. Based on the general examination of the bird image through the study of documents, this study is composed of a case analysis, which reveals on modern fashion designs. Additionally, the forms of expression of the bird image are organized according to the stereoscopic expression of shaping, the relief expression of handicraft decoration, the flat expression of surface design, and the characteristic expression of wings and feathers. The aesthetic characteristics revealed by the expression patterns are metaphorical symbolism, surrealistic humor, lyrical naturalness, and fantastical femininity. Since antiquity, the bird image continuously recreated by artists has offered aesthetic value in terms of formativeness in the external form and symbolism in the internal form. This study would help to understand the diversity of creation in contemporary fashion design.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.39 no.8 s.169
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• pp.637-644
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• 2006

In this study, the analysis of river naturalness and water quality were executed in the major rivers of the Nakdong River Basin. As a result, the assessment index of the General Evaluation was 1.428 to 4.107 as $1^{st}$ to $4^{th}$ grades. The River Shape was 1.929 to 4.429 as $2^{nd}$ to $4^{th}$ grades and the River Environment was 1.774 to 3.643 as $1^{st}$ to $4^{th}$ grades. As well, evaluation of water quality showed that concentration of pH was 7.102 to 8.497 mg/l, BOD was 0.748 to 5.271 mg/l, DO was 5.077 to 12.335 mg/l and 55 was 3.658 to 19.960 mg/l. The correlation between river naturalness and water quality was analyzed to investigate similarity and independence of river naturalness evaluation index. It was shown that coefficient of correlation was low with value of -0.1503 to -0.5886, therefore, was evaluated as independent.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.386-390
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• 2006

In this study, the analysis of river naturalness and water quality were executed in the major rivers of the Nakdong River Basin. As a result, the assessment index of the General Evaluation was 1.428 to 4.107 as $1^{st}\;to\;4^{th}$ grades. The River Shape was 2.111 to 4.048 as $2^{nd}\;to\;4^{th}$ grades and the River Environment was 1.774 to 3.238 as $1^{st}\;to\;4^{th}$ grades. As well, evaluation of water quality showed that concentration of hydrogen ion was 7.102 to $8.49mg/{\ell}$, BOD was 0.748 to $5.271mg/{\ell}$, DO was 3.668 to $19.960mg/{\ell}$ and SS was $5.077mg/{\ell}$. The correlation between river naturalness and water quality was analyzed to investigate similarity and independence of river naturalness evaluation index. It was shown that coefficient of correlation was low with value of -0.1503 to -0.5886, therefore, was evaluated as independent.