• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.84-101
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• 2004

This study presents an ecological management plan for wildbird habitat conservation, an nature-friendly enhancement of bio-diversity using the riverside of the Tancheon Ecosystem Conservation Area in Seoul by analyzing environmental and ecological characteristics. As a result of analyzing actual vegetation, vegetation type was classified into 34 types. Humulus japonicus association covers an area of 441,568.6㎡(31.44％), and Artemisia princeps var. orientalis association covers an area of 89,690.1㎡(6.39％). Sandy plain as valuable wildbird habitat covers an area of 89,965.9㎡(6.4％). 125 taxa including 34 families, 93 genera, 107 species, and 18 varieties were recorded and the number of naturalized plants were 41 taxa at the survey site. Total naturalized index(NI) and urbanized index(UI) were recorded as 32.8％, and 15.5％. As a result of analyzing the herb plants association structure by surveying 8 belt-transects, the humid native plants was dominant in the partially adjacent revetment edge and damp riverside. On the other hand, naturalized plants was so extensively dominant that it was necessary to establish an ecological management plan. The observed wildbirds belonged to 50 species, 6,118 individuals, and 7 restricted species by law, which were Accipiter gentilis, Falco tinnunculus, Buteo hemilasius, and Buteo buteo. Oriolus chinensis,Hirundo rustica, and Alcedo atthis. The ecological administration plan for Tancheon Ecosystem Conservation Area as follows: in ecological land-use planning, the conservation area(695,518.5㎡) has native woody and herb vegetation and sandy plain with water as an wildbird habitat. The restoration area(653,702.7㎡) has a naturalized plants distribution are with artificial revetment. The nature-friendly Riverside Area(55,414.9㎡) was an easily approached area with damaged riverside vegetation, and a safe area to wildbird habitat. In riverside restoration planning, the artificial riverside should be restored to its natural riverside vegetation, and the artificial embankment should be restored with edge shrubs for wildbird habitat or revegetated for natural riverside landscape. For naturalized plants management planning, we selected naturalized plant species to be weeded out, and suggested an application method for ecological management.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.353-361
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of naturalized plants in Jeollanamdo which is located in the south-western areas of Korea from May 10, 2005 to December 20, 2006, and to suggeste the management methods of naturalized plants. The naturalized plants constisted of 29 families, 84 genera, 122 species, 8 varieties, totaling 130 taxa and ratio of naturalization was 45 percents at the study sites. According to the number of species investigated from each sites, 103 taxa were from Yeongam, 98 taxa were from Mokpo, 97 taxa were from Shinan, while it was higher in the other sites. A total of 30 naturalized plant communities were classified. In those eight sites, the common appearance communities were Robinia pseudo-acacia, Amorpha fruticosa, Bromus catharticus, Eragrostis curvula, Festuca arundinacea, Festuca myuros, Lolium multiflorum, Lolium perenne, Paspalum distichum var. indutum, Rumex obtusifolius, Oenothera biennis, Lepidium apetalum, Trifolium repens, Ambrosia artemisiofolia var. elatior, Comos bipinnatus, Rudbeckia bicolor, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron annuus-Erigeron canadensis, Coreopsis lanceolata, Cosmos sulphureus community. The distributional characteristics of naturalized plants were divided on the basis of six areas associated with ecological characteristics of a habitat

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.96-101
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• 2009

Dokdo was formed since when four million six hundred thousand to two million five hundred thousand. Dokdo, Ulreung Island and the mainland in Korea are not touch each other since the formation, therefore, Dokdo are very important island for discussion of plant evolution from plant geography point of view. Plants of Dokdo was enlisted as 60 taxa, 27 families, 52 genera, 50 species and 10 varieties. The naturalized plants of a wide sense is composed of 25 taxa, two tree species as Lonicera morrowii and Elaeagnus macrophylla, and 23 herbs. The naturalized plants were identified of 5 species as Sonchus oleraceus, Brassica juncea var. integrifolia, Rumex crispus, Chenopodium album, and Bromus unioloides. Total naturalized plants are 32 taxa, ratio of total naturalized plants per a existing species was 60 percentage. Accordingly Vegetational environment of Dokdo was interpreted very incomplete state as well as severe ecological disturb by invade species. Preparation of a regulating plan on naturalized plants and concern of a policy decision are requested in the conservational dimension for native species in Dongdo. For the conservation of native species in Dokdo, there are prepared that a regulating plan as block of the influx and eradication etc. and a policy decision of naturalized plants are prepared for view of the conservation for native species in Dokdo.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.76-86
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to fiure out the floral changes during three years after construction of the Youido Ecology Park. Yearly change of plant species composition, distributed at the research field, had been investigated for three years since 1996. To compare and investigate the changes of the establishment of the Ecology Park, we have analyzed the distribution characteristics of plant species, exotic naturalized species, and so on. The results obtained through this investigation are as follows; 1) Total numbers of plant species were 106, 170, 175, and 148, in the year of 1996, 1998 1999, and 2000, respectively. While the most of cultivated species before th establishment were decreased, the naturalized species such Phargmites communis Trin, and Artemisia selengensis Turcz. etc, were increased. 2) Forty three species of exotic naturalized species were investigated and were increased at the early stage of the establishment, but showed decreasing trend recently. 3) Sixty five species of introduced and planted species were investigated. Most of them were occurred at the first year after the establishment, but since 1999, there has been a significant decrease. 4) Sixty seven species among total 235 were verified as the wetland-adapted plants. The ratio to the total numbers were low, but the occupied area of a few species was expanded. Therefore, it indicates that monitoring on the physical environments of the Youido Ecology Park was urgently required.

• Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.114-119
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• 2003

In this study, an on-site survey was conducted around Gasado island at Jodo-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeonnam during July 2 to 25, 2002. The naturalized plants investigated in the surveyed sites were revealed 15 families and 39 species, including Althaea rosea and Oxalis articulata, which are ornamental plants. Only 10 species appeared in Imjado island among the surveyed sites the surveyed sites and Imjado Island, including Elymus sibiricus, Lolium perenne, Chenopodium album, Oxalis articulata, Oxalis corymbosa, Oenothera odorata, Xanthium strumarium, Bidens frondosa, Ambrosia artemisiaefolia var. elatior, and Taraxacum officinale. 6 species were distributed only in Gasado island, Jindo-gun, which included include Festuca myuros, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Amorpha fruiticosa, Malva neglecta, Calendula arvensis, and Carthamus tinctorius. 18 species were showed in Soheuksan island.; Yeosu area, 29 species; Imja Island in Sinan-gun, 34 species, and Gasado Island in Jindo-gun revealed 39 species. It is believed that the species of naturalized plants have been expanded compared to the other areas because of close location to the inland and large population fastiy. The Urbanization Index(UI) of this area was found to be 19.5. The naturalized plant communites in these surveyed sites were classified into Rumex crispus, Elymus sibiricus, and Lolium perenne community according to the vegetation table. Furthermore, they formed a community around areas that received great artificial influence from human dwellings or roads due to the characteristics of species distribution

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.187-196
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• 2008

Two naturalized species, Carduus natans L. and Lepidium latifolium L. were newly reported from Korea. Carduus natans, "Sa-hyang-ung-gung-kwi", was found from Nanjido, Seoul, and Yangsuri and Naejangri, Gyunggi-do. It is distinguished from widely naturalized C. crispus by having large nodding heads (30-60mm in diameter) and acuminate lanceolate involucral bracts. Lepidium latifolium, "Keun-ki-da-dag-naeng-i", was found from Noeul Park, Nanjido, Seoul. It is distinguished from the related species by having tall height (about 1 m), subsessile upper leaves, pinnately lobed lower leaves, and corymbose inflorescence.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.586-591
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• 2006

This study investigated the flora and the main vegetation of naturalized plants in order to compare the change of distribution in Limja Island, South Korea from 1999 to July, 2005. Flora of naturalized plants in surveyed site were the 1st survey 1999 year, 14 families 45 taxa, the 2nd survey 2005 year, total 14 families 54 taxa including 53 species 1 variety. which new 9 taxa included as Eragrostis curvula, Festuca myuros, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Atriplex hastata, Abutilon avicennae, Aster subulatus, Coreopsis lanceolata, Cosmos sulphureus, Cerastium glomeratum, etc. By the community table, the main vegetation communities in the surveyed sites were classified as Phytolacca americana, Rumux crispus, Bromus catharticus, Erigeron annuus - Erigeron canadensis, Oenothera odorata, Paspalum distichum, Festuca myuros, Cosmos sulphureus community. it is believed that the species of naturalized plants have increased compared to other areas due to their close location to the living habitation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.399-409
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• 2017

The rapid increase of naturalized plants causes disturbance of the ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to identify the reality of naturalized flora in Jeolla-do. A total of 830 sites were studied in 2016. These naturalized plants consisted of 189 taxa in total, belonging to 38 families, 116 genera, 181 species, 2 forms and 6 varieties. According to the results of the analysis based on place of origin, 75 taxa were from Europe, and 59 taxa were from North America. According to the analysis of the ecological characteristics, compositae had the highest diversity among 31 families, with 44 taxa, followed by Gramineae, with 24 taxa, and Leguminosae, with 10 taxa. Naju-si had the highest diversity among 36 counties, with 77 taxa. This study identified 37 (Jeollanam-do) and 30 taxa (Jeollabuk-do) not listed in the preceding literature in Jeolla-do. We found a lots of differences between flora's databases of previous studies resulting from the naturalized plant definition.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.169-179
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• 1999

The present study was undertaken to classify and describe the spring naturalized plant communities in old-Andong city by the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology. As a result, the vegetation was classified into the six communities and two subcommunities: A. Bromus tectorum community A-a. Bromus japonicus subcommunity, A-b. Melica onoei subcommunity; B. Poa pratensis community; C. Rumex crispus community; D. Oenothera lamarckiana community; E. Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. eiatior community; F. Rumex conglomeratus community. The total taxa of the naturalized plant communities consisted of 31 families, 86 genera, 114 species and 13 varieties. Of which the taxa of the naturalized plant species consisted of 8 families, 21 genera, 25 species and 1 variety. The result of Bray-Curtis ordination revealed that the plots suveyed were arranged according largely to the vegetation units of' the communities. Also the interspecific affinity was examined by an analysis of interspecific association and the main component species in the communities were divided into two groups. The naturalized rate was higher in the communitise affected by strong human impacts, while was lower in the communities affected relatively less by human impacts. On the other hand the seasonal changes of the communities and the naturalized rate between the spring and the autumn were investigated. Many naturalized communities present in Spring were replaced by the other native ruderal communitues in the Autumn. The naturalized rate based on the dominance was largely decreased over from the spring to the Autumn.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.481-495
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• 2022

This study was designed to identify the actual state of naturalized plants and invasive alien species that cause disturbances to the ecosystem, plants which are introduced after forest restoration, and explore the implications resulting from the project. Onsite examination included 29 sites which have been subjected to forest restoration by the Korea Forest Service. Once these were chosen, activity took place twice a year in the spring (May-June) and in the summer (August-September) in 2020 and 2021. Areas not relevant to the project sites were excluded from this activity so that we could identify the plants that could be understood to have been introduced or brought into the site after the actual forest restoration. And the correlation was analyzed, between the naturalized flora within the project sites and the working types applied to the site through confirmation of completion of the restoration project. The naturalized plants appearing on the entire site cover a total of 109 taxa, which includes 29 families, 80 genera, 108 species and 1 subspecies, while invasive plants included 3 families, 7 genera and 8 species. The number of classifications and the naturalization rate gradually decreased over time, after the project. While there was no significant difference between the number of classification groups and the naturalization rate for naturalized plants between project sites, given the number of taxa of naturalized plants, organized by type of damage, there were relatively more naturalized plants that appeared in the severed section of the Baekdudaegan Mountain Range, as well as at quarry and facility sites. Seeding apparently results in naturalization rates as high as 15.545%, on average, based on comparisons of naturalization rates by sowing, seeding, planting, herb planting, and sod pitching channels, all of these being methods of vegetation for planting/greening of bareland and slopes within the project areas. With no seeding, it was 9.167%, higher than the average. As for other vegetation, there was no significant difference depending on application of the working type. This means that unlike the plants subjected to planting, the working type of seed planting which makes it difficult to identify whether a certain plant is a naturalized plant greatly affects the introduction of naturalized plants to the restoration sites, even when using herb planting and sod pitching to control plants and results. Therefore the study suggests that there be inspection by experts of seeds when sowing within restoration sites. The results of this study suggest good practices that will help to direct effective vegetation restoration and follow-up management.