• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.386-392
• /
• 2014

The present study was aimed at investigating the antimicrobial activities of licorice's active ingredients. Four samples of licorice ingredients (glycyrrhizin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, and isoliquiritigenin) were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against six skin microorganisms. The bioassay applied for determining the antimicrobial effects employed a disc diffusion assay, the minimum inhibitory concentration, and the challenge test. The ingredients showed antibacterial activities. Especially, isoliquiritigenin has significant antimicrobial activities against two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Propionobacterium acnes) and two Gramnegative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. These samples had much higher antimicrobial activities than synthetic preservatives. Our results reveal that liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin could be useful compounds for the development of antibacterial agents for the preservation of cosmetics and foods. The two flavonoids, liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin, sourced from Korea, China, Uzbekistan, were quantified using HPLC. The results demonstrated that Korean licorice has two flavonoids (liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin) in much higher quantities than was observed in the licorice obtained from the two other countries. Thus, isoliquiritigenin and Korean licorice extract represent new candidates for antimicrobial agents.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.165-172
• /
• 2012

In this study, the physical, mechanical, structural, and environmental performances based on field measured data were evaluated to check the suitability of concrete for ecological preservation and cultivation of a hydrophilic environment. More specifically, the study is focused on developing an environmentally friendly functional concrete with river ecology restoration and natural river early formation capabilities. The mechanical performance evaluation results showed that the increase in mix rate of the PVA (Poly Vinyl Alcohol) reinforcement fibers and silica fume caused an increase in the strength. The optimal mix rate was found to be 0.05 volume % PVA fiber and approximately 10% silica fume. The frost resistance evaluation showed that superior performance was gained when 0.05 volume % PVA fiber and 15% silica fume was mixed simultaneously. In the structural performance evaluation, the bending strength was improved by 47.7% compared to plain concrete when mixed with 0.05 volume % PVA fiber. The flexural toughness also saw significant improvement. The environmental monitoring of field performance showed that grasses germinated most rapidly, but the growth of red poppies, a plant that germinates in the spring, was most active with passing of time. Coverage measurements in all of the monitoring locations found favorable coverage of over 95% after 12 weeks. The study results showed that the environmentally friendly functional concrete had outstanding environmental performance.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.12 no.10
• /
• pp.477-484
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study is to verify the antimicrobial effect of garlic and black garlic against pathogenic bacteria. For the comparative analysis of antibacterial effects of garlic, Ampicillin $10{\mu}g$ (BBL) was used as control antibiotics. Research experiments were conducted on each of November 2013 and January 2014. Susceptibility to the antimicrobial effect was measured through Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and verified according to the standard proposed by the CLSI. Antimicrobial effect of fresh garlic was higher regardless of the method to extract than Ampicillin $10{\mu}g$. In contrast, the manufacturing methods of the black garlic had no effective differentiations. In antimicrobial susceptibility test, black garlic showed resistance to all of 4 strains. However, in the ethanol-extract of fermented black garlic(natural aging of 15 days.) was found the small changes of the growth-inhibition-zone against S. aureus (8 mm)and E. coli(7 mm). This study proposes a variety attempts about the extraction methods of black garlic for the possibility of food preservation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.295-302
• /
• 2007

We investigated starvation of hatching larvae, occasional artificial hatching and incubation method to establish year-round rearing of the wild silkmoth, Antheraea yamamai. In the test of starvation of hatching larvae for brushing at a time, the survival rate of the fourth instar of larvae starved for 1 day after hatching in $25^{\circ}C\;and\;5^{\circ}C$ was 83.3% and 96.0%, respectively. The result represents that the survival rate is high at low temperature during starvation. In the occasional artificial hatching test for multi-times rearing of A. yamamai, the useful hatchability is high at $5^{\circ}C$ in case of preserving eggs for 2 months from incubation time, and at both $2.5^{\circ}C\;and\;0^{\circ}C$ in case of over 6 months. A new incubation method with pre-incubation at $15^{\circ}C$ and 24 D photoperiod showed high hatchability about 80% for only 2 days compared with hatching for 5-6 days in traditional incubation method with the preservation at $25^{\circ}C$.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.97-126
• /
• 2014

October 4, 1957 the Soviet Sputnik 1 was launched into space the first time in the history of mankind. After launching, the realm of humankind was expanded to space. Today all countries of the world wage a fierce competition in order to utilize space for various purposes. World powers of space such as United States, Russia, China, and Japan, put reconnaissance satellites and ocean surveillance satellites into orbit, being able to easily see equipment and troops movement on earth. Each country makes efforts to occupy space assets through the militarization of space and expand national interests. Recently private companies or individuals involved in commercial space activities are becoming more prevalent. Thus, in addition to space activities for military purposes, commercial space activities become widespread. Individuals and private companies as well as nations are also involved in space activities. Outer space is not the monopoly of space powers such as the United States and Russia. The whole human race can benefit from free access to space, being the common heritage of mankind. In particular, outer space becomes an indispensable element of military activities and human life. Many countries are now entering space development, putting a lot of budget into new development programs. Republic of Korea also built the Narodo Space Center, starting its space development with budget and manpower. We have to find out ways to use space not only for military purposes but also for commercial space activities that can contribute to the national economy. In addition, through the joint efforts of the international community, we have to make efforts for preservation and peaceful use of space. Various issues relating to space activities and research should be studies in order to contribute to the progress of humanity. Those issues include the definition of outer space, space debris reduction and environmental conservation issues, non-bind measure cooperation - European International Code of Conduct, space law and national legislation related empowerment issues, arms control measures in space, and restrictions on the use of nuclear fuel. We also need to be involved in the discussion of those issues as one of responsible space countries. In addition, we try to find out regional cooperation schemes such as the ESA in the Europe actively. Currently in the Northeast Asia, cooperation bodies led by Japan and China respectively, are operated in the confrontational way. To avoid such confrontation, a new cooperative body needs to be established for cooperation on space exploration and information. The system to allow the exchange of satellite information for early warning of natural disasters needs to be built as well. In addition, efforts to enhance the effectiveness of the relevant international treaties on space, and fill in the blanks in international space laws should be made at the same time. To this end, we have to do a leading role in the establishment of standards such as non-binding measures (resolution) - Code of Conduct, being discussed in the UN and other organizations, and compliance with those standards. Courses in aerospace should be requires in law schools and educational institutes, and professional manpower need to be nurtured. In addition, the space-related technology and policy needs to be jointly studied among the private, public, and military groups, and the cross exchange among them should be encouraged.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.11-19
• /
• 2018

Changgyeonggung Palace, which was built in Seongjong Period in September 1484, is a tradition space that has been seen as a gateway to the Joseon Dynasty until it was demolished in 1907 at Changgyeongwon Garden. During the Japanese colonial rule, large greenhouses, museums, and botanical gardens were opened in Changgyeonggung Palace and traditional architecture and palace gardens were lost or changed. In 1984, the Changgyeonggung Palace maintenance plan was restored to the current status through the construction of the rebuild construction in 1986 to restore the traditional palaces. Since then, it has been maintained and managed in the shape of the mid-term plan of the 1980s for 30 years. The appearance of Changgyeonggung Palace(宮園) in the early 19th century shows the appearance of Changgyeonggung Palace in "Donggwoldo", and it is possible to confirm the prototype of the Joseon Dynasty through analysis of "Donggwoldo". The vegetation survey of Changgyeonggung Palace which started from 1984 was surveyed 4 times over 2005, 2010, and 2016, and the vegetation status of Changgyeonggung Palace could be confirmed based on the results of vegetation survey. By comparing and analyzing the results of the vegetation survey for 30 years and the analysis of the vegetation in Changgyeonggung Palace by the analysis of "Donggwoldo", we were able to confirm whether the vegetation status of Changgyeonggung Palace approached to the appearance of the Joseon Dynasty era.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.53-62
• /
• 2002

The physical and chemical properties of cover soils of 10 waste landfill sites in Kyonggi-Do area, where social circumstances at present forces to consider the reuse of landfill, were investigated to provide the informations of soil environment which are necessary to establish the appropriate ecological restoration plan of waste landfills. The pH and electrical conductivity of soils were higher in landfills sites than in reference sites (area around landfill sites), indicating the salt accumulation in surface soil. However, total-N and organic matter contents were lower in landfills sites than in reference sites. In landfill sites, the total-N and plant available-P contents were less than 0.15% and 20mg/kg, respectively. Exchangeable cations (K, Ca, Mg and Na) and heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) contents varied between the landfill sites, but were higher in landfills sites than in reference sites. The major exchangeable cation of soil was Ca. Heavy metal contents were much lower than the critical concentration which phytotoxicity is considered to be possible and the standard for agricultural land of Korean Soil Environmental Preservation Act. Therefore, the proper soil management plan to increase the soil fertility is recommended for the ecological restoration of landfill using natural or artificial vegetation.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.458-465
• /
• 2010

This study evaluated the effect of whey brew cultured by Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 55163 and Propionibacterium acidipropionici 5020 on bread quality characteristics. Ten and 15% whey brew were added to flour-based bread, after which bread volume, pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), moisture content, water activity, texture, organic acid content, and sensory evaluation were analyzed. The bread volume and TTA of control were the largest among the samples, whereas pH was the lowest. Moisture content did not significantly differ depending on the amount of whey brew added, though water activity was highest in the bread with 10% whey brew. However, hardness was the lowest in bread with 10% whey brew. Propionic acid was not detected while succinic acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid were detected in small amounts in the control compared to the test samples. Succinic acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid content was high in bread with 15% whey brew, with propionic acid present at a very high amount. In terms of sensory evaluation, bread with 10% whey brew had the highest score. As a result, high quality characteristics were associated with the bread with 10% whey brew, whereas long preservation was a characteristic of the bread with 15% whey brew.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.247-254
• /
• 2021

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease related to pilosebaceous unit. In acne lesions, hyperseborrhea, dysseborrhea, inflammatory event, and an imbalance in skin microflora, particularly an increase in Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) colonization comparing to other bacteria, have been observed. The objective of this study was to evaluate anti-acne effects of Artemisia annua extract (AAE) on antibacterial activity related to preservation of the balance in skin microbiome, inhibition of inflammation, and reduction of excessive sebum production. When C. acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) were co-cultured in the presence of AAE, the reduction of C. acnes growth by AAE was greater than that of S. epidermidis. In addition, when C. acnes was cultured in a medium containing AAE (C. acnes AAE), levels of cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6 and toll-like receptors-2 activity were decreased in comparison with C. acnes cultured in a medium without AAE (C. acnes CM). Moreover, AAE significantly inhibited excessive sebum production induced by palmitic acid. These results suggest that AAE, as a natural extract with various targets, can inhibit selective growth of C. acnes and inflammatory reactions derived from C. acnes, which are the main causes of acne, and consequently can be used as a substance to alleviate acne by reducing excessive sebum formation.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.218-231
• /
• 2012

A total of 126 fossil scaphopods (121 specimens from the Hagjeon Formation and 5 specimens from the Duho Formation) were found from the Cenozoic strata, Hagjeon and Duho Formations, Pohang Basin, Korea. Five species belonging two genera (Fissidentalium yokoyamai, F. sp. A, B, and Rhabdus sp. A, B) were classified: the most dominant species is Fissidentalium yokoyamai. The species of Fissidentalium yokoyamai is characterized by curved shell (accuration=3.90%) and very closely spaced longitudinal ribs on shell surfaces, while the species of Rhabdus is a nearly straight shell characterized by concentric growth lines without longitudinal ribs. Identification of two genera is somewhat easy due to such morphological differences but classification at generic level is hard because diagnostic features (e.g., cross section and apical structure) are lost in the most specimens. Consequently, except for Fissidentalium yokoyamai, the rest were classified temporarily as F. sp. A, B, and Rhabdus sp. A, B. Two types of preservation state were recognized: one is three-dimensionally preserved specimen (3D specimen) and the other is compressed specimen. Internal parts of the 3D specimen is filled with clastic sediments identical to the surrounding sediments of the shells, which is not observed in the compressed specimens. It is, thus, concluded that the 3D fossils were originally empty but internal cavity were immediately filled with the sediments, which may have protect from the compaction due to pressure during deposition of the gravelly to coarse sandstone of the Hagjeon Formation.