• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.57-74
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• 1990

As the whole world took on the tendency to be highly industrialized, it became necessary for each field of occupation to require professional man power. Especially, since the World War n, the participation of woman power in economic activities has been continually increasing. In our country also, because of the rapid economic growth, change in the way of thinking of women as well as their participation in economic activities are increasing. Thus, woman power is being utilized in various occupational fields from simple physical labor to those that require high-professional skill. Also, continued economic development policies, by setting the establishment of welfare society as the ideology to be fulfilled, brought expansion of medical facilities in the field of public health and increase in man power in that field. As for the nursing specialists, more than 6000 have been being produced per year and as of the end of 1988, the total number of nursing specialists, reached 123, 115. Therefore, this study is done to recognize the professional knowledge and ability of nursing specialists, who take up $40\%$ of the total public-health related man power in our country, through evaluating their working environment and their disposition of character. This study, which was done from September 18th to September 30th 1989, took on the method of using formed questionnaires that had been amended and supplemented during two preparatory investigations, 322 of such questionnaires were used as an analytical material. In the formation of questionnaires, 12 questions were related to the working environment, and 26 in fortotal were related to the disposition of character, 5 for wise-disposition, 11 for activedisposition and 10 for open-disposition. The measuring method, which used 5-point-standard, allowed 5 points for affirmative recognition of the working environment, also 5 points for showing wise, active and open disposition of character and only point in opposite cases. Collected materials were analyzed, through an electronic calculation, into the average value, the standard deflection percentage, pearson corelative number and stepwise multiple regression. Summarizing the results from this study is as follows: 1. It was shown that the nursing specialists with the average of 3.07 have affirmative recognition of their working environment. The questions which drew most affirmative reaction were those concerning finance-management system such as hand, the questions that received negative reaction were those concerning communication method with the average of 2.49. Such reaction seems to have resulted from the cramming regulation by the superior authorities. Concerning the recognition of working environment in relation to employment conditions, more affirmative recognition is shown with the average of 3.14. at hospitals where injection job is not performed. The nursing specialists working at regular hospitals show more affirmative recognition than those at general hospitals, the averages being respectiely 3.16 and 3.03. 2. As for the disposition of character of the nursing specialists, active-disposition was highest with the average of 3.38, next was wise-disposition with 3.20 and the lowest was open-diposition with 2.98. Variable-wise disposition of character shows that wise-disposition and academic background are beneficially correlated by 0.12. Ative-disposition and open-disposition show correlation to the office term by respectively 0.16 and 0.21. In other words. better academic background leads to higher wise-disposition and more - experience results in higher active and open disposition. Also, the class that performs the injection job, in relation to the working environment, might cause change in the self-conceit that identify those in that class with the nurses; however, as far as professional judgment and action, in dealing with nursing job, being wise, active and open is concerned, not much effect is made. 3. The relation between the recognition of the working environment and the disposition of character is that more afirmative recognition- a nursing specialist has about her working environment, the higher the active-disposition becomes by 0.13. The degrees of the relation between recongnition of environment and wise and open dispositions show respectively 0.06 and -0.06 and -0.06. That is to say that when having more affirmative recognition of the working environment, a nursing specialist shows wise but closed disposition of character. This, howerver, didn't mean much statistically. When observing the results mentioned above, it is conspicuous that the nursing specialists, working as substitutes for the nurse at medical institutions of various sizes, get the feeling of being somewhat equal to the nurses and to some extent, fulfill their desire to accomplish their ego; however, as far as professional ability expansion if concerned. they lack wise and open dispositions. Therefore, considiering upon the results of this study, in medical institutions where the work of nursing specialists is regaded equal to that of the nurses, as a medical member who deals with human lives, it is desirable to make the nursing specialists work under the supervision of the nurses and to offer them continuous education to strengthen and improve their natural dispositions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.112-124
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• 2021

This study was conducted to examine and analyze local governments, park status, project characteristics, and the implementation in detail for private park special projects across the country as a means of responding to the sunsetting of urban parks. As a result of the analysis, first, the private park special project, was found to be mainly implemented in cities with a population of more than 100,000, so there was a limit to the application on military installations or in local small cities. Therefore, rather than applying the special system collectively, it was judged that institutional flexibility, considering the characteristics and size of local government, was needed. Second, the current special projects by the park creation donation collection method shows monotonous development centered on apartment houses, so it is necessary to diversify the development by introducing a park preservation method that purchases and donates park sites. Third, it was found that the area standard needs to be eased to less than 50,000m² to include parks with high utilization and good accessibility in urban areas of large cities, as the type and area of parks are limited. Fourth, most special projects are mountain parks, which are feared to damage the natural terrain and skyline, so separate ordinances should be established and applied, and development approaches should be made to allow nature and parks to coexist with the setting of detailed building guidelines for each type of facility. The guidelines should include, first, after the nationwide private park special projects are completed, standards for appropriate returns for similar projects should be established, institutional standards such as the recovery of excess profits should be established, and environmental reviews should be conducted. Second, it was found that local governments should institutionalize the composition of private consultations to promote the efficient management of projects through a cooperative system, and third, a roadmap for maintenance after the donation of special parks should be established.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-32
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• 2011

Due to greenhouse gas increased by human activities, abnormal climate changes are continuously occurring everywhere in the world and internationally people make efforts to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas. Our country also is making endeavors to realize low carbon society on the foundation of the green growth and for this low carbon consumption pattern settlement through green life is necessary. Therefore for the nationals the offering of the information on greenhouse gas emission that is reduced through the change to low carbon life is required. In this study the objects are beef and wine whose weight of import is high among the beverages and foods consumed in the country and we calculated the food mileage and emission of carbon dioxide of the domestic and foreign product beef and wine and estimated the potential amount that can be reduced when replacing the imported products with domestic products. As the year 2007 being standard if we replace 10% of imported beef with domestic products it is possible to reduce 14,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year and on one day out of a year if we replace imported beef with domestic beef the reduction of 384 tons of carbon dioxide is appeared to be possible. In the same standard year if we replace 10% of imported wine with domestic product we can reduce 1,396 tons and on one day out of a year if we replace imported wine with domestic wine reduction of 38 tons of carbon per year appeared to be possible. Through active promotion and expansion of variety of domestic foods and beverages in the real life of the nationals the consumption pattern of natural low carbon life should be achieved and offering of more systematized greenhouse gas emission DB is thought to be necessary.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.361-366
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• 2019

In this study, microbial contamivation semisulcospira libertine and effect of sedimentation treatment of major bacterial and fungal pathogens were investigated. The total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and yeast and mold present in raw and water-dipped Semisulcospira libertine were enumerated using the standard plate count methods on using the standard plate method on potato dextrose agar (PDA), 3M Petrifilm for coliforms / E. coli, 3M Petrifilm for S. aureus, and plate count agar (PCA), respectively. In analysis of microbial contamination of raw Semisulcospira libertine, the total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and yeast and mold were monitored as 6.40, 2.70, and $6.79{\log}_{10}CFU/g$, respectively. Both E. coli and S. aureus were not detected (detection limit: 10 CFU/g). However, Semisulcospira libertine dipped in ground water for 3 hours had higher contamination levels of all natural indigenous microorganisms than raw Semisulcospira libertine. Especially, E. coli was detected as $2.46{\log}_{10}CFU/g$ in the ground water-dipped Semisulcospira libertine. The total aerobic bacteria in the ground water-dipped Semisulcospira libertine was not significantly reduced (p>0.05) compared to that in the raw Semisulcospira libertine. Moreover, coliforms were significantly increased (p>0.05) in all water-dipped Semisulcospira libertine. Only fungi were slightly reduced (less than 0.2 log) (p>0.05) in the tap water-dipped Semisulcospira libertine by comparison with the raw Semisulcospira libertine. The results of this study suggest that the use of chemical sterilizing agents and other physical methods in the washing stage will be necessary for the microbial reduction in raw Semisulcospira libertine because the use of sediment removal treatment by ground or tap water did not affect the microbiological safety of the raw Semisulcospira libertine.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.248-256
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• 2021

A total of 120 samples corresponding to 12 categories of dried processed fishery products distributed in Gyeonggi-do were examined for radioactivity contamination (¹³¹I, ¹³⁴Cs, ¹³⁷Cs) and heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury). One natural radioactive material, ⁴⁰K, was detected in all products, while the artificial radioactive materials ¹³¹I, ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs were not detected at above MDA (minimum detectable activity) values. The detection ranges of heavy metals converted by biological basis were found as follows: Pb (N.D.-0.332 mg/kg), Cd (N.D.-2.941 mg/kg), As (0.371-15.007 mg/kg), Hg (0.0005-0.0621 mg/kg). Heavy metals were detected within standard levels when there was an acceptable standard, but the arsenic content was high in most products, although none of the products had a permitted level of arsenic. In the case of dried processed fishery products, there are products that are consumed by restoring moisture to its original state, but there are also many products that are consumed directly in the dry state, so it will be necessary to set permitted levels for heavy metals considering this situation in the future. In addition, Japan has decided to release contaminated water from the Fukushima nuclear power plant into the ocean, so there is high public concern about radioactivity contamination of food, including fishery products. Therefore, continuous monitoring of various food items will be necessary to ease consumers' anxiety.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.80-92
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• 2021

Mount Tai, with an elevation of 1,532 meters, has a reputation as 'The Most Revered of the Five Sacred Mountains(五嶽獨尊)', despite not being the highest mountain in China. The literati of the past dynasties created a multitude of works based on the landscape of Mount Tai. Traditional literature is a part of national culture that directly reflects the national characteristics and styles, and is an important part of humanities, which can be linked to landscapes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the landscape elements and characteristics of Mount Tai by analyzing the landscape types and elements and the Kernel Density, Mean Center and Standard Deviational Ellipse of the landscape elements appearing in the representative poems of traditional literature. The research results of this study are summarized as follows. First, Mount Tai is a scenic spot dominated by human activities, different from the natural landscape of prior research related to scenic spots. Second, among the landscape elements of Mount Tai, the importance of "sunrise", "cyan", "towering" and "majestic", "Divine Dragon" is confirmed, symbolizing the hope, brightness, vitality, national stability and prosperity represented by Mount Tai, which can explain the leadership position of Mount Tai. Third, it can be found from the poems about Mount Tai that various landscape elements were embodied in belief (the behavior of gods or emperors) in the Pre-Qin, Sui and Tang dynasties, while in modern times, landscape elements are shown by action (climbing and looking far into distance), so it can be said that the landscape elements have changed from belief landscapes to experience landscapes. Fourth, the spatial distribution of landscape elements in the past dynasties was widely distributed in the Daiding(岱頂). Approaching the modern times, the mean center moved from south outside of Mount Tai to the summit of Mount Tai, and the spatial distribution changed from a widely scattered distribution to narrow linear distribution centered on Mount Tai. The present study is of great significance to provide key factors or spaces for future landscape protection and restoration of Mount Tai.

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.278-285
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• 2019

The experiment was implemented to gain basic data for stable proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) production through germination viability and establishment uniformity based on seed refining under seed selection with specific gravity of proso millet seed. Seeds of three proso millet cultivars were carefully selected by adjusting NaCl into 9 levels (1.000, 1.005, 1.010, 1.015, 1.020, 1.025, 1.030, 1.035, 1.04 g·L^-1), and their standard germination rate, seeding quality and field emergence rate were investigated. Proso millets showed heavier thousand seed weight as specific gravity high. In standard germination, all of the 3 cultivars of selected seeding showed at least 91% germination rate. With respect to the 1.040 g·L^-1 selection by specific gravity, 'Hwanggeum' had 98.9%, 'Ibaekchal', 99.4%, and 'Hwangsilchal', 98.9%, recording the highest. Seeding quality was investigated and it was found that, compared with the non-selected seeds, selected seeds had longer plant heights and averaged 2.0, 2.2 and 1.9 cm, respectably. In terms of leaf length, only 'Hwanggeum' and 'Ibaekchal' showed distinctive differences. No significance was found in stem diameter and SPAD. The seeds selected using specific gravity all had longer or heavier average root length, root weight and stem weight. Compared with non-selected seeds, the specific gravity of 1.040 g·L^-1 had longer root lengths of 2.9, 3.0 and 2.9 cm. 1.040 g·L^-1 was also found to have the heaviest root weight, and stem weight. The field emergence viability investigation found significance solely in the mean emergence time (MET) by the cultivar. High significance was found in percent emergence (PE) and emergence rate index (ERI) in the specific gravity for the selection of seeds. All of the three cultivars showed higher PE and ERI as specific gravity selection high. The 1.040 g·L^-1 specific gravity selection had the highest PE of 90.7, 85.3 and 92.8%. For productivity increase based on improved proso millet germination rate and enhanced establishment uniformity, it seems favorable to employ 1.040 g·L^-1 specific gravity selection using salt solution.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.224-230
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• 1981

Threshing forces of seven varieties, that is, three Japonica type varieties-Irri 348, Irri 345, and Milyang 15, and four Indica type varieties-Milyang 23, Irri 342, Suweon 294 and Suweon 287-, which have been cultivated in the standard fertilization field being at Chungnam Provincial Office of Rural Development, Youseong, Chungnam-do, they were measured every other day in the period from September 28 to October 20 which were included the proper harves ting time. Also the threshing forces were checked in three-dimensional directions. Relationships between threshing forces and moisture contents of the unthreshed rice were examined in the laboratory as dried in the natural condition. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The mean threshing force of Japonica type varieties was about 1969r. and that of Indica type varieties was about 113gr. when external force was loaded in the direction parallel to the grain. 2. The threshing force bent to the grain was about 9.8through 28.2gr. equal to 7 through 21 percent to the threshing force parallel to the grain in Indica type varieties meanwhile about 59.8 through 115.0gr equal to 33 through 50 percent in Japonica type varieties. 3. Under the warmer temperature than $0^{\circ}C$, the change of threshing forces was not great in this experimental period on the harvesting dates. 4. The threshing force decreased s lightly as moisture content decreased in natural drying under the shade after cutting. 5. The threshing force of the lower portion was a little biger than that of the upper portion in an ear.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to establish the standard of quality evaluation in peony root (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) cultivated in Korea. The contents of extract and changes of extract pH in peony root with different root ages, cultivars and drying method were investigated. The contents of extract and changes of extract pH in peony root with the removed and the unremoved cork layer showed no difference among different root ages. On the other hand, the contents of extract in the root with the unremoved cork layer which was two- to four-year-old, were higher by 3.7 to 9.2% than those in the root with removed cork layer. This suggests that cork layer might be a good source of extracts. The contents of extract in root of Youngchonjakyak in both the removed and the unremoved cork layer were 36% and 30%, respectively and were higher than of Euisungjakyak and Jomjakyak, but the extract pH was not significantly different among three cultivars which were four-year-old. It showed that the contents of extract and the changes of extract pH in peony root with the removed and the unremoved cork layer of Euisungjakyak, which being four-year-old, showed clear difference at various drying methods. Among the different drying methods, it showed that the contents of extract of that with unremoved cork layer in the room temperature drying method was 32.8%, and that of root with the removed cork layer in the $80^{\circ}C$ hot water treatment drying method was 28.1% which were the highest values, respectively. The pH of extract in freeze drying was the highest (about 5.1), and the $80^{\circ}C$ hot water treatment drying showed the lowest (about 3.7).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of landscaping pavements on WBGT(Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature) of outdoor spaces that lack ventilation and shade at summer midday. The relative humidity(RH), dry-bulb temperature(DT) and globe temperature(GT) were recorded every minute from June to October 2009 at a height of 1.2m above ten experimental beds with different pavements, by a measuring system consisting of an electric humidity sensor(GHM-15), resistance temperature detector(RTD, Pt-100), standard black globe(${\phi} 150mm$) and data acquisition systems(National Instrument's Labview and Compact FieldPoint). Additionally, the surface dry-bulb temperatures also were recorded and compared. The area of each experimental bed was 1.5m(W)${\times}$2.0m(L) and ten different kinds of pavement were used including grass, grass+cubic stone, grass+porous brick, brick, stone panels, cubic stone, interlocking blocks, clay brick, naked soil, gravel and concrete. To prevent interference from ventilation, a 1.5m height cubic steel frame was established around each bed and each vertical side of the frame was covered with transparent polyethylene film. Based on the records of the hottest period from noon to 3 PM on 26 days with a peak dry-bulb temperature over $30^{\circ}C$ at natural condition, the wet-bulb temperature(WT) and WBGT were calculated and compared. The major findings were as follows: 1. The average surface DT was $40.1^{\circ}C$, which is $9^{\circ}C$ higher than that of the natural condition. The surface DT of the pavements with grass were higher than those of concrete and interlocking block. The peak DT of the surface almost every pavement rose to above $50^{\circ}C$ during the hottest time. 2. The averages of DT, WT and GT were $40.1^{\circ}C$, $27.5^{\circ}C$ and $49.1^{\circ}C$, and the peak values rose to $48.1^{\circ}C$, $45.8^{\circ}C$ and $59.5^{\circ}C$, respectively. In spite of slight differences that resulted according to pavements, no coherent differentiating factor could be found. 3. The average WBGT of grass was the highest at $34.3^{\circ}C$ while the others were similar in the range of around $33{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. Meanwhile, the peak WBGT was highest with stone panel at $47.9^{\circ}C$. Though there were some differences according to pavements, and while grass seemed to be worst in terms of WBGT, it seems difficult to say ablolutely that grass was the worst because the measurement was conducted without ventilation and shade during summer daytime hours only, which had temperatures that rose to a dangerous degree(above $45^{\circ}C$ WBGT), withering the grass during the hottest period. The average WBGT resulted also showed that the thermal environment of the pavement without ventilation and shade were at an intolerable level for humans regardless of the pavement type. In summary, the results of this study show that ventilation and shade are more important factor than pavement type in terms of outdoor thermal comfort in summer daylight hours.