• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.58-67
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• 2023

While extensive research is being conducted to reduce greenhouse gases in industrial fields, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has implemented regulations to actively reduce CO₂ emissions from ships, such as energy efficiency design index (EEDI), energy efficiency existing ship index (EEXI), energy efficiency operational indicator (EEOI), and carbon intensity indicator (CII). These regulations play an important role for the design and operation of ships. However, the calculation of the index and indicator might be complex depending on the types and size of the ship. Here, to calculate the EEDI of two target vessels, first, the ships were set as Deadweight (DWT) 50K container and 300K very large crude-oil carrier (VLCC) considering the type and size of those ships along with the engine types and power. Equations and parameters from the marine pollution treaty (MARPOL) Annex VI, IMO marine environment protection committee (MEPC) resolution were used to estimate the EEDI and their changes. Technical measures were subsequently applied to satisfy the IMO regulations, such as reducing speed, energy saving devices (ESD), and onboard CO₂ capture system. Process simulation model using Aspen Plus v10 was developed for the onboard CO₂ capture system. The obtained results suggested that the fuel change from Marine diesel oil (MDO) to liquefied natural gas (LNG) was the most effective way to reduce EEDI, considering the limited supply of the alternative clean fuels. Decreasing ship speed was the next effective option to meet the regulation until Phase 4. In case of container, the attained EEDI while converting fuel from Diesel oil (DO) to LNG was reduced by 27.35%. With speed reduction, the EEDI was improved by 21.76% of the EEDI based on DO. Pertaining to VLCC, 27.31% and 22.10% improvements were observed, which were comparable to those for the container. However, for both vessels, additional measure is required to meet Phase 5, demanding the reduction of 70%. Therefore, onboard CO₂ capture system was designed for both KCS (Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering (KRISO) container ship) and KVLCC2 (KRISO VLCC) to meet the Phase 5 standard in the process simulation. The absorber column was designed with a diameter of 1.2-3.5 m and height of 11.3 m. The stripper column was 0.6-1.5 m in diameter and 8.8-9.6 m in height. The obtained results suggested that a combination of ESD, speed reduction, and fuel change was effective for reducing the EEDI; and onboard CO₂ capture system may be required for Phase 5.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.318-318
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• 2022

Basil(Ocimum basilicum L.) is an annual herb that grows wild in hot and humid regions such as tropical Asia and Africa. This study was carried out for resource discovery, propagation, and DB construction of aromatic plants. In order to evaluate the genetic characteristics, 28 kinds of basil seeds were supplied from the Center for Genetic Resources. For basil characteristics, planting date, plant height, growth shape, leaf length, leaf shape, petiole color, petiole, stem color, flower color, after harvest, Ml length including roots, flower length, stem thickness and biological weight were measured. For anthocyanin analysis, only basil with purple color was selected, anthocyanins were extracted with 60% ethanol containing 1% citric acid, a standard quantitative curve was prepared with cyanidin-3-glucoside, and absorbance was measured at 525 nm. Basil planting started around June 16, and the flowering period lasted for a total of 18 days from July 19 to August 5. On August 6, when flowering was completed, morphological characteristics including flower color were measured at the site by an object. The measured basil plant length was 26.6-59.6 cm, leaf length 2.0-7.9 cm, leaf width 0.7-5.2 cm, and petiole 1.3-3.9 cm. The growth pattern of basil was generally straight, medium in shape. The color of the leaves was observed evenly by mixed green, purple, purple and green, and the recesses in the shape of the leaf were also conspicuously observed. A total of three basil flower colors were observed: white, light pink(149P 10P/84), and purple(37V 2.5RP 4/12). During the second growth survey after harvest, the total length including the basil roots is 26.7-52.0 cm, the flower length is 8.2-29.3cm, the stem thickness is 7.1-15.9mm, the number of stem nodes is 3-12 nodes, and the total weight of the basil was measured to be about 218-1540 g. There are a total of 16 types of basil expressed in purple, and the anthocyanin content was measured to be 73.74 ~ 380.72 mg/100g.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1321-1330
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• 2023

This study attempts to address the problem of 3D pose estimation for multiple human objects through a single image generated during the character development process that can be used in augmented reality. In the existing top-down method, all objects in the image are first detected, and then each is reconstructed independently. The problem is that inconsistent results may occur due to overlap or depth order mismatch between the reconstructed objects. The goal of this study is to solve these problems and develop a single network that provides consistent 3D reconstruction of all humans in a scene. Integrating a human body model based on the SMPL parametric system into a top-down framework became an important choice. Through this, two types of collision loss based on distance field and loss that considers depth order were introduced. The first loss prevents overlap between reconstructed people, and the second loss adjusts the depth ordering of people to render occlusion inference and annotated instance segmentation consistently. This method allows depth information to be provided to the network without explicit 3D annotation of the image. Experimental results show that this study's methodology performs better than existing methods on standard 3D pose benchmarks, and the proposed losses enable more consistent reconstruction from natural images.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.152-162
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• 2024

In this study, we investigated the levels of the natural preservatives, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and propionic acid, in raw unprocessed vegetables. Quantitative analysis of benzoic acid and sorbic acid was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and confirmed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Propionic acid was analyzed using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and confirmed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). From a total of 497 samples, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and propionic acid were found in 50 (10%), 8 (0.2%), and 61 samples (12.3%), respectively. The highest quantity of benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and propionic acid was found in peony root (1,057 mg/kg), nut-bearing torreya seeds (27.3 mg/kg), and myrrha (175 mg/kg), respectively. The background concentration range of naturally occurring preservatives in raw vegetables determined in this study could be used as standard inspection criteria to address consumer complaints and trade disputes.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2024

In this study, physical property tests and standard consolidation tests were conducted on the marine clay of Busan New Port and North Port, the middle and lower reaches of the Nakdong River including Gimhae and Yangsan, and Ulsan regions. The moisture content, a property unrelated to sample disturbance with small individual test errors, was used for regression analysis with the compression index, virgin compression index, consolidation coefficient, expansion index, and secondary compression index, among others. Subsequently, the correlation and accuracy were evaluated. Upon analyzing the correlation between the moisture content, void ratio, and liquid limit commonly used physical properties for calculating compression indexes, it was confirmed that the liquid limit had the lowest correlation. Through a linear regression analysis of the consolidation constants using the current moisture content in the natural state, a high correlation was demonstrated. Relationship equations were then presented to determine settlement and settlement time. This study suggests that moisture content can be utilized as an alternative for evaluating and calculating consolidation constants when examining ground settlement in sedimentary clays distributed in the Busan and Gyeongnam regions.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.53-59
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• 2024

The novel "The Grapes of Wrath" shows the painful reality of Americans during the Great Depression through the migration journey of the Tom Jod's family, who had no choice but to move from Oklahoma to California and their hardships in California. This presents empathy for their wrath and offers hope for a brotherly solution. This article presents institutional solutions against each novel situation from the perspective of the Constitution, labor law, and competition law. From a constitutional perspective, the poverty of Oklahoma's smallholders is not a result of choice, but is caused by the natural environment and capital concentration, so it is suggested that the government have to intervene to guarantee a minimum standard of living to realize equal rights. From a labor law perspective, worker supply projects are unconstitutional because they constitute intermediate exploitation of labor, and immigrants like the Joad family have the right to form labor unions. From a competition law perspective, it was shown that the large landowners' setting of fruit prices constitutes predatory pricing, and the farmers' attempts to pay similarly low wages constitute collusion. Through this, the attempt was made to recognize that the law is a means to resolve the public wrath that may currently exist, and to show that the story in the novel can bring empathy and understanding to minorities. It is hoped that reading novels can be a way to help interpret the law and sympathize with others as an indicator of a just society.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2023

Pharmacokinetic (PK) data provide pivotal information in drug development, and they are usually first studied in the preclinical stage using various animals. However, quite often, animal PK data may not match with human PK, especially in metabolites. Thus, most regulatory agencies in the world make it mandatory to obtain metabolite information using ¹⁴C radiolabeled drug in human for small molecule drug candidates. However, such studies are expensive and time consuming and they are usually done at the end of Phase II trials using ~3.7 MBq of ¹⁴C labeled drug in a limited number of human subjects. Introduction of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) in this kind of study has revolutionized it. Since AMS can measure ¹⁴C level as close as natural abundance, it can quantify the amounts of ¹⁴C labeled drugs and their metabolites produced in human body that consumes less than the amount of 0.0037 MBq of ¹⁴C labeled drug, a very safe level of radioactive dose in human. Therefore, it is now possible to conduct human ¹⁴C studies safely in early clinical trials without spending hefty amount of money and time. Korea Radioisotope Center for Pharmaceuticals(KRICP) at Korea Institute of Biological and Medical Sciences(KIRAMS) has established an AMS facility in 2018, housing a 0.5MV AMS manufactured at the US National Electrostatics Corps (NEC). The AMS instrument has been validated using various standard samples that have been prepared at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the US, a worldly reputable provider of AMS standards. In this paper, we present a mass balance study for acetaminophen in rats using AMS and prove that the study results are equivalent with those of literature, which shows the AMS facilities at KRICP has successfully installed and be ready to be used in the various PK studies using ¹⁴C labelled compounds for new drug development.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.298-305
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• 2011

This study was conducted to enhance the stem firmness of standard chrysanthemum 'Baekma' bred in Korea for commercial quality improvement and inhibition of stem breaking during transportation through foliar spray with calcium agents. Calcium agent screening 'Baekma' was examined using $CaCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$, $Ca(NO_3)_2{\cdot}4H_2O$, and OS-Ca (natural liquid calcium compounds extracted from oyster shell) depending on each concentration (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0%, respectively). All calcium agents sprayed with 1.0% caused chemical injury such as stem bending or leaf burn. OS-Ca also showed more sensitive response to chemical injury than the other calcium agents because OS-Ca was absorbed very well by 'Baekma' leaves. Maximum stem firmness measured during the final harvest was greater in OS-Ca than in the other calcium agents. Especially, maximum stem firmness was greatest in 0.01% OS-Ca. However, elastic strength and maximum bending stress were greater in 0.001% OS-Ca than in the others. Thus, OS-Ca ranged from 0.005 to 0.05%, which did not show any chemical injury, was finally selected as the first candidate for hardening the stem of 'Baekma'. The next experiment using OS-Ca was conducted with the concentrations of 0, 0.005, 0.01, and 0.05%, respectively. From the results, 0.05% OS-Ca showed better plant growth and parameters such as plant height, stem diameter (upper and middle part), the number of leaves, and dry weights of each part than the other concentrations of OS-Ca and control. As for stem firmness depending on OS-Ca concentration, the Ca content within stem, maximum firmness, elastic strength, and maximum bending stress of stem in 'Baekma' sprayed with 0.05% OS-Ca showed the highest values among all the treatments and it turned out to be very high level of significance between control and OS-Ca treatments. However, the area and percentage of the inside cavity within horizontal stem section in 'Baekma' did not show any significance between any treatments including control. Thus, stem firmness of 'Baekma' did not show any correlation with the inside cavity area of stem. In conclusion, we recommend foliar sprays with 0.05% OS-Ca at vegetative growth stage to enhance stem firmness of 'Baekma' during transportation.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.13
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• pp.423-449
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• 2007

This research is to investigate the detention facilities of police stations and their real operations through the perceptions of detainees at police station cells and to present the policy suggestions for them. To fulfill the research, a questionnaire was made out on the basis of 'the Regulation on Detention and Escort for Suspects'. 'the Regulation on a Standard Plan for Detention Facilities' and 'the Regulation on the Lowest Standard to Treat Detainees' ; and detainees at 23 police station cells under the jurisdiction of Kyungbuk Local Police Agency were asked to answer it. Policy suggestions following from the result of the investigation of detainees' perceptions of the detention facilities of the police stations are as follows; Firstly, the structure of police station cells should be arranged in straight lines in order to take their human rights into consideration and more detention facilities are needed to be built in order to separate male, female, handicapped and juvenile inmates. Secondly, shower rooms and washrooms outside the cells should always be open to detainees whenever they need to be used. Thirdly, any detention facilities deficient in fire fighting equipment should have exit doors installed as soon as possible in case of an emergency and provide sufficient fire extinguishers considering the number of detainees and the size of the facilities. Fourthly, the detention facilities should have sufficient windows for ventilation and take necessary measures to obtain natural lighting instead of electric lighting. Fifthly, air conditioners should be equipped properly taking account of the number of detainees and the dimensions of the facilities. Policy suggestions according to the result of the investigation of detainees' perceptions of the operation of detention facilities of police stations are as follows; Firstly, the problem of operating the detention facilities must deal with worn-out facilities and measures to secure the budget should be taken as soon as possible. Secondly, considering that most detained suspects have difficulties in livelihood, daily necessaries must be issued to them. Thirdly, personal belongings deposited by inmates must be properly managed with the same documentation throughout the police station detention facilities. The number of female guards to take exclusive charge of the physical checkups and processing of female detainees should be increased. Also the facilities for handicapped detainees must be expanded, improved and managed properly. Fourthly, except for handcuffs and ropes to bind detainees in the detention facilities, helmets to prevent self-harm must be withdrawn. The budget to improve the quality of meal issued by the government must be urgently secured and the price of private food sent to detainees must be readjusted to be in line with the consumer price. Health and medical care and sanitation for detainees must be substantial, and also sunbathing and outdoor exercises should be allowed to detainees.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.194-201
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• 2012

Facing a number of global food-related accidents, the concept and system for food traceability have been designed and introduced in many countries to manage the food-safety risks. To connect and harmonize the various food traceability-information in food traceability system according to the food supply chain, the coding system of identification-number for food-traceability has to be standardized. The GTIN (Global Trade Item Number) barcode system which has been globally standardized and implemented, is reviewed with the mandatory food-labeling regulation in expiration date of processed foods. The integration of GTIN-13 bar-code system for food-traceability is a crucial factor to expand its function in the food-related industrial areas. In this literature, the standard coding system of identification-number for food-traceability is proposed with 20 digit coding number which is combined with GTIN-13 bar-code (13 digit), expiration date (6 digit), and additional classification code (1 digit). This proposed standard coding system for identification-number has a several advantages in application for prohibiting the sale of hazard goods, food-recall, and inquiring food traceability-information. And also, this proposed coding system could enhance the food traceability system by communicating and harmonizing the information with the national network such as UNI-PASS and electronic Tax-invoice system. For the global application, the identification-number for food-traceability needs to be cooperated with the upcoming global standards such as GTIN-128 bar-code and GS1 DataBar.