• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.11-26
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• 2009

In this paper, the concepts of compatible mappings of types (A) and (P) are introduced in an induced metric space, two common xed point theorems for two pairs of compatible mappings of types (A) and (P) in an induced complete metric space are established. As their applications, the existence and uniqueness results of common solution for a system of functional equations arising in dynamic programming are discussed.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.751-758
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• 2012

Recently, people are paying attention to new forms of construction. For example, deviated from an enclosed type space, people have been interested in an atrium type and an arcade type spaces. In this study, we had hypothesis 'Indoor thermal environment will be influenced by the inflow rate of natural lights with temperature and humidity.' We selected a multi-complex cultural center and conducted this study. This place is consisted of atrium, arcade, and enclosed types. The three spaces were classified according to the type of spaces that have own features along with their forms. The atrium type space has ceiling and the side windows, and the arcade type space has ceiling windows. On the other hand, there are no windows or open parts in the enclosed type space. Three measurement points at each space were selected because of their huge space. Intensity of illumination, temperature and humidity were confirmed by the average value of three measurement points. In addition, surveys were conducted regarding indoor comfort elements in each space.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.46-54
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• 2010

Since the accomplishment of industrialization and mechanization, human and the nature have gone farther their own way. Human depending on technology have been increasingly expanding and developing their artificial space and as times go by in such a way, estrangement between the human and nature has resulted in dissatisfaction of human's instinctual desire and devastation of human's living. People, to deal with such challenge, begins taking a look at the nature. In introducing the nature into the modern architecture, a physical natural element is often directly taken into or the shape that could be inferred from the nature is taken. The study was intended to identify the characteristics of the pattern introducing the nature into the modern architecture, as mentioned in the former case, which is summarized as follows, Introduction of the nature contains a variety of functions in the space and it creates the new space by integrating the internal and external space which becomes boundaryless integrated space. The boundary in the building tends to be getting more ambiguous, while the space accommodating the nature serves the interface, playing a role of intermediator for both the internal and external space. It functions the open public place that helps build the natural community among the users but taking the nature into the inner space, and it is used to attempt to change the interior of the building or for ventilation lighting or energy-saving purpose. The spatial meaning was found to have varied depending on pattern of the nature introduced. Such conclusions mentioned hereon is expected to help forecast and understand the forthcoming space accommodating the nature when reviewing the pattern of introducing the nature appeared In modern architecture.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2017

Purpose: Since hospitals have a big impact on the natural and social environment, hospitals' sustainability must be considered in various aspects including environmental, social, and economical aspects. So far, research on sustainable hospitals has mainly been conducted on indoor environment, but outdoor space of hospital is as important as well. The purpose of this research is to study the sustainability of hospital outdoor space and to make proposals for improving sustainable regional public hospitals. Methods: Through preceding research analysis and literature review, the concept of sustainable outdoor space of hospital was defined. Also, the evaluation contents of outdoor space were extracted from domestic and foreign green building certification criteria. With this analytic frame, we visited 4 regional public hospitals in Korea, interviewed the facility managers, and analyzed sustainability of hospital outdoor space. Results: Analysis of 4 regional public hospitals reveals that there is a lack of consideration for sustainability in all 4 categories; urban and network, natural environment, community, and user. In terms of community, sustainability has rarely been applied to all four hospitals. The site selection and terrain of the site were essential to sustainability. Implications: Establishing a master plan considering future expansion is critical. Also more attempt to show regional characteristics is needed. It is necessary to design a comprehensive outdoor space that considers sustainability and also healing environment. Level difference in the site can be used as a design element.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.271-277
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• 2012

Dimensions, operation conditions and improvement items for round roof windows were investigated in arch shape single-span plastic greenhouse with roof vents, and natural ventilation performance was analyzed based on the ventilation theory. Diameter of round roof windows was mostly 60 cm, and chimney height projected on roof was average 30 cm. Installation space was mostly 5 to 6 m but farmhouse of 10 m and over was 16.7% also. A round roof window which has 60 cm diameter was installed to 6 m space generally and 80 cm diameter was installed to 10 m space, but correct standards did not exist. There were a lot of opinions that ventilation effect of round roof windows is fairly good and user satisfaction is generally excellent. It is problem that there is few effects in summer and that vinyl around each vent tears well and rainwater leaks, and improvement hope item required development of automatic control system. In the wind speed of 0.3 m/s, it was estimated that natural ventilation rates were 0.69, 0.55, 0.50 and 0.48 volumes per minute in case of 2, 4, 6 and 8 m installation space for round roof windows, respectively. It was analyzed that the ratio of ventilation due to buoyancy out of total ventilation were 65.2, 41.9, 29.9 and 22.8% in case of 2, 4, 6 and 8m installation space, respectively. By the round roof windows installed at space of 6 m, ventilation rate was estimated to 0.5 volumes per minute, and we can expect the increase in ventilation rate of 30%. In order to meet the recommended ventilation rate for summer season, we have to install the round roof windows at space of 1 to 2 m. However, it is difficult to apply those installation space because of falling productivity due to lower light transmittance as well as rising costs. It is estimated that the installation space of 6m is appropriate for spring or fall season. Therefore it is necessary to encourage installing the roof windows in single-span plastic greenhouses.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제29호
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• pp.94-102
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• 2001

The urban land is incapacitated to grow and correspond to demand the space in urban area. And recently, rapid increasing of population and complex of urban function on pushed to develop the underground space. In Korea, the underground space development in inefficient in aspect. because development of underground space have not consistent and systematic planning method in underground environment inclounding interion design, extererior design. Therefore this study is suggested the design element for comfortable underground living environment and assortment on utilization of underground space. The results of this study on utilization are security of space through land use efficiency, conservation of historical place, building and natural environment, and technological characteristics, mental image. Accordingly, this study is proposed design element that make comfortable underground space as aspect from stimulation and diversity, sapciousness and feeling of warmth and dryness to compensate improper image of underground space, spacial orientation and way finding.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.84-92
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• 2016

Since the mankind started its space mission, the number of artificial space objects has been increasing exponentially. It contains not just the space machines which are in use but the machines which are out of order. Meantime, those dead machines are being a serious danger, a real threat to human's lives and property because of it could re-enter into the earth's atmosphere and fall to the ground causing mega-disaster. As the number of space activities gets growing so far, the re-entry of the space objects will be a lot more happened in the future. Therefore, not just natural space object like asteroids but the artificial space object like artificial satellite and space station can cause the disaster by falling to the ground. To protect our nation and our property, the government has set up the space disaster management center in Korea astronomy and Space science Institute. In this study, we surveyed public's recognition of the space object's re-entry situation and analyzed it to contribute building national space disaster management policy.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.72-81
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• 2007

This study mainly aims at suggesting plans applicable to the outdoor of environment-friendly communities in Korea by leveraging more natural conditions and materials when creating an outdoor biotop for an environment-friendly community and generating material types and development techniques enabling a natural circulation system. To this end, materials used in the outdoor of environment-friendly communities and traditional residential areas in Korea and biotop materials found in natural areas were examined. First, when the case examples of environment-friendly communities were reviewed, biotop spaces and materials that may function as habitats were hardly found. Materials used in biotop were mainly man-made structures made of artificial or processed materials, such as concrete, stones, bricks, woods and steels. Meanwhile, the outdoor space of traditional Korean villages had stone walls, soil walls, rock piles and composite piles, which composed of natural materials such as rocks, soil and plants, that naturally formed porous spaces along with the introduction of plants and provided habitats for a variety of insects. In natural areas, naturally created biotop spaces, such as rock piles, log piles, old tree deployment, branch piles, hay stacks and defoliated leaves, were found. Meanwhile, when spaces and materials available for biotop creation were reviewed to create an environment-friendly residential complex, they were divided into fences and hedges, green spaces between parks and residential buildings, ponds and waterscape spaces, zones separating pedestrian walks and roadways, breast walls and slope boundary, plant box and pergola. For each space, materials used for creating biotops and that were found in traditional Korean residential areas and natural areas were applied and suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• 제1호
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• pp.13-25
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• 2001

Recently there have been increasing demands and desire for the urban open space due to urban development or environmental deterioration. Urban natural parks in Seoul provide citizens with comfortable open space and thus play an important role as learning spaces to experience nature and understand the environment. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze existing vegetation and provide basic data for the conservation and management plans of urban natural parks and education programs. The contents of the study encompass natural environment such as topography, altitude, slope and aspect and botanical ecosystem including the structure of plant communities and tree growth. According to the result of topography analysis, the overall altitude was not high but the slope was relative steep. Vegetation of Seoo Royal Tomb, a urban natural park has been classified into 12 types, and they include; Quercus acutissima community(lowland type), Quercus acutissima community(valley type), quercus variabilis community, Quercus mongolica community, Castanea crenata community, Capinus laxiflora community, Pinus densiflora community(lowland type), Pinus densiflora community(slope type), Robinia pseudo-acacia community, Populos$\times$albaglandulosa community, Pinus rigida community, and Pinus koraiensis community. Based on the survey and analysis results, we have classified the study area into conservation, buffer, and utilization zones for the effective management. This study provides basic data to support the establishment of master plans for urban natural parks by analyzing vegetation conditions at Seoo Royal Tomb, an urban natural park, Based on the results presented in the study, consistent monitoring work needs to be conducted, and elaborate management plans also should be prepared.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.187-210
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• 2009

우주법과 해양법은 모두 국제법에 속하며 주권에 종속되거나 종속되지 않는 지리적 분야를 다루는 학문이다. 이 두 분야는 운송, 과학탐사. 자원개발, 국가방위와 관련되어 발달해 왔다. 우선 20세기 초반에 해양법이 먼저 발달하고 그 다음 20세기 후반에 항공법과 우주법이 발달되었다. 이 논문은 우주법과 해양법의 유사점과 차이점에 관하여 비교법적인 측면에서 분석하였다. 특히 여러 비교적 요소 중에서 법적 지위와 자원탐사와 개발 그리고 환경적 측면에서 비교하였다. 첫째, 우주와 해양의 법적 지위를 비교하면 두 영역 모두 비전유원칙을 선언하고 있는데, 우주법에서 보면 우주를 마치 공해(公海)와 같이 누구나 자유롭게 접근하여 사용 수익이 가능하나 점유할 수 없다는 원칙을 내포하는 국제법상 '국제공역'(國際公域, res extra commercium)으로 파악하고 있는 것이다. 이와 같이 1967년 우주조약은 동 조약 이전의 국제관습법 상 외기권 우주를 국제공역으로 보고 천체를 무주지(res nullius)의 상태로 보아왔던 입장을 우주와 천체 전부를 국제공역화하는 데에 기여하였다. 둘째, 두 영역의 자원의 탐사 및 개발의 측면에서 비교하면 1979년 달조약과 1982년 해양법협약의 심해저개발을 비교할 수 있다. 이 두 영역은 조약상 인류공동유산으로 선언되었는데, 1979년 달조약 제11조에 명시된 '달의 천연자원의 개발이 가능해질'(exploitation of the natural resources of the Moon is about to become feasible)시기에 국제제도를 수립해야 한다는 규정은 국제제도의 수립 전에는 자원개발을 금지하는 것을 의미하는가? 해양법에서 1982년 해양법협약이 제정되기 전 심해저자원과 해상(海床)의 자원개발을 금지하는 '개발유예'(moratorium)에 관한 UN총회의 결의 2574가 채택 되어 심해저의 국제제도가 조약으로 확정되기 까지는 심해저 자원의 탐사 및 개발을 금지시켜야 한다는 선언을 한 것과 비교한다면 달조약도 그러한가? 달 조약의 제정과정을 살펴보면 국제제도의 수립 전에 달과 다른 천체의 천연자원에 대한 개발유예는 예정되지 않았다고 해석해야 된다. 그러나 이것은 그와 같은 개발에 어떠한 제한이나 한계가 없음을 의미하는 것이 아니고 달과 다른 천체는 인류공동유산영역이므로 모든 개발가는 그들이 인류공동유산인 천연자원을 개발하고 있음을 명심할 것이 요구된다. 마지막으로 환경보호에 관한 두 영역의 접근법을 살펴보면 해양의 경우 환경보전을 위한 법제정이 활발한 반면 우주의 경우는 이제 시작에 불과하다는 점을 발견하게 된다. 우주환경을 다루는 법문서는 아직 제정되지 못한것이 현실이다. 결론적으로 이 두 영역의 비교법적 접근법이 주는 의미는 두 영역이 서로 같지는 않지만 유사한 면도 발견되고, 그 연구방법이 유사하므로 먼저 발달한 해양법 모델을 통해서 우주법의 발전가능성을 진단해 보고 상호 보완적 연구의 가능성을 모색할 수 있다.