• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.291-300
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• 2014

This study determined the effects of television (TV) advertising restriction of Energy-Dense and Nutrient-Poor Foods on product and promotion activities by food companies producing or selling children's favorite foods. A survey using a selfadministered questionnaire was conducted via on-line or fax by marketers or R&D managers from 108 food companies. The data from 55 respondents (50.9%) were analyzed. Restriction exerted positive effects on food products with respect to compliance with labeling requirements (4.0 out of 5 points) and reinforcement of nutritional contents examination of new products (3.7 out of 5 points). Reformulations of products such as reduction of nutrients like sodium, sugar and fat were also reported. In addition, food companies underwent diverse changes in promotional activities, including modification of package designs and displays in stores, offering free gifts, discounts, etc. In conclusion, restriction of TV food advertising may contribute to improvement of children's food environment by encouraging food companies to make favorable product changes. On the other hand, the results also revealed that food companies adopt diverse marketing channels that are not yet under regulation. Hence, to make policies more effective, regulation needs to be extended from TV to other marketing channels to which children are easily exposed.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2015

Objectives: In Korea, cancer is one of the most important causes of death. Cancer patients have sought alternative methods, like complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) together with Western medicine, to treat cancer. Also, there are many kinds of providers of CAM therapy, including providers of Korean oriental medicine therapy. The purpose of this study is to identify the behaviors of Korean oriental medicine therapy and CAM therapy providers who treat cancer patients and to provide background knowledge for establishing a new policy with the management and quality control of CAM. Methods: Structured and well organized questionnaires were made, and 350 persons were surveyed concerning the providers of CAM or Korean oriental medicine. The questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Results: The questionnaires (182) were collected. The questionnaires identified a total of 73 known providers, such as medicinal professionals or other providers of CAM suppliers, 35.6% of whom had had experience with treating cancer patients (52.6% vs. 29.6%). The treatment methods were a little different: alternative therapy and nutritional therapy being preferred by medicinal professionals and mind body modulation therapy and alternative therapy being preferred by other CAM providers. Four patients (7.4%) experienced side effects, and 6 patients (12.5%) experienced legal problems. As the method for managing the therapy, CAM providers, medicinal professionals, and other CAM providers had different viewpoints. For example, some CAM providers stated that both legislation and an official education on CAM or a national examination were needed as a first step to establish the provider's qualifications and that as a second step, a license test was needed for quality control. To the contrary, medicinal professionals stated that a license test was needed before legislation. Conclusion: Adequate management and quality control of CAM providers is thought to involve both education and legislation.

• Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.194-199
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• 2018

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between the number of remaining natural teeth (NRT) and the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) in older adults. Methods: This study was based on data from the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys. The participants were 2,378 older participants (984 men and 1,394 women) aged over 65 years. Survey dentists conducted oral health examinations, and ASM was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: The participants with $NRT{\geq}20$ had more ASM and SMI than those with NRT<20 in both sexes. SMI was correlated with NRT in men (r=0.018, p<0.001) and in women (r=-0.007, p<0.001). The positive correlation between the NRT and SMI remained significant in men even after adjusting for age, marital status, income, smoking, drinking, physical activity, protein intake, energy intake, calcium intake, body mass index, fasting blood glucose level, medications, and prostheses (${\beta}=0.011$, p=0.001). In women, the correlation disappeared after adjustment for smoking, alcohol, physical activity, protein intake, energy intake, calcium intake, marital status, income, fasting basal glucose, medication administration, and prostheses. Conclusion: This study showed a correlation between NRT and SMI in those ${\geq}65$ years of age in Korea. The relationship persisted in men, but not in women, even after adjusting for confounders.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권sup1호
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• pp.57-69
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D is produced in the skin during sun exposure and is also ingested from foods. The role of vitamin D needs to be considered in the prevention and management of various diseases. Moreover, since the majority of Koreans spend their days indoors, becoming susceptible to the risk of vitamin D deficiency. The current study aims to prepare a basis for determining dietary reference intake of vitamin D in Korea, by reviewing the evidence against various diseases and risks. MATERIALS/METHODS: Literature published in Korea and other countries between 2014 and 2018 was prioritized based on their study design and other criteria, and evaluated using the RoB 2.0 assessment form and United States Department of Agriculture Nutrition Evidence Library Conclusion Statement Evaluation Criteria. RESULTS: Of the 1,709 studies, 128 studies were included in the final systematic analysis after screening. To set the dietary reference intakes of vitamin D based on the selected articles, blood 25(OH)D levels and indicators of bone health were used collectively. Blood vitamin D levels and ultraviolet (UV) exposure time derived from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed to establish the dietary reference intakes of vitamin D for each stage of the life cycle. The adequate intake levels of vitamin D, according to age and gender, were determined to be in the range of 5-15 ㎍/day, and the tolerable upper intake level was established at 25-100 ㎍/day. CONCLUSIONS: The most important variable for vitamin D nutrition is lifestyle. A balanced diet comprising foods with high contents of vitamin D is important, as is vitamin D synthesis after UV exposure. The adequate intake level of vitamin D mentioned in the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (KDRI) remained unchanged in the 2020 KDRI for the management of vitamin D nutrition in Koreans.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.565-575
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to propose the appropriate sizes and dish combination for nutritional-balanced lunch boxes delivered to children under the government-funded meal service program in Korea. The study was based on the 3 : 1 : 2 Meal Box Magic, a nutrition education method developed in Japan. A total of 290 lunch menus, comprising of 10 day menus from 29 organizations having delivered lunch boxes to children during summer vacation of 2008, were analyzed and used as the base data for lunch box combination. Dishes of the menus were classified into 6 groups: Rice group, Protein side dish group (including meat, fish, egg, and bean dishes), Vegetable side dish group, Kimchi group (including kimchi and jangajji), Soup stew group, and the other group. Nutrient analysis was conducted for 100 ml of these dishes by CAN Pro 3.0 utilizing volume and weight conversion data used for analysis of the Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and those from the Nutrient Composition of Food for Consumers. All the possible combinations of 5 dishes, comprising of 3 dishes from Rice group, Protein side dish group, and Kimchi group, respectively, and 2 dishes from Vegetable side dish group, were made using the frequently served dishes from the respective dish group. Nutrient analysis of each combination was conducted based on the assumption that a lunch box was 600 ml and filled up to 80% by dishes using the volume ratio of 3 : 1 : 1.5 : 0.5 for Rice group : Protein side dish group : Vegetable side dish group : Kimchi group. The mean and standard deviation of energy and nutrients of all combinations calculated by weighting the serving frequency of each dish selected for the combinations were $621\pm81$ kcal for Energy, $22.1\pm5.0$ g for Protein, $120\pm45$ mg for Calcium, $4.1\pm1.1$ mg for Iron, $201\pm130\;{\mu}g$ RE for Vitamin A, $0.34\pm0.10$ mg for Thiamin, $0.27\pm0.10$ mg for Riboflavin, and $24.3\pm9.6$ mg for Vitamin C. The energy percentages from Carbohydrate, Protein and Fat were 66%, 14% and 20%. The analysis results met the nutrition standard of lunch boxes for male elementary students in grades 4 through 6 under the government-funded meal service program regarding calories, nutrients except calcium and riboflavin, and macronutrient distribution ranges. Accordingly appropriate box sizes were suggested for different age and sex groups to meet the respective nutrition standards. In addition, milk or dairy products were suggested to accompany lunch boxes to supplement calcium and riboflavin intake. The method of selecting box sizes and making dish combination suggested in this study could be useful for the organizations preparing lunch boxes under the government-funded children's meal service program where nutrition professionals are not available.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.330-347
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• 2022

엽산은 비타민 B군에 속하는 수용성 비타민으로, 핵산 합성과 아미노산 대사에서 단일탄소를 전달해 주는 반응의 조효소 역할을 한다. 엽산은 새로운 세포가 형성되어 성장하는 임신기와 성장기에 매우 중요한 영양소이며, 여성의 임신 전 적절한 엽산 영양상태는 신경관 결손증을 예방한다고 알려져 있다. 이 외에도 엽산 섭취 부족은 빈혈, 고호모시스테인혈증, 심혈관질환, 암, 인지 장애, 우울증 등 다양한 질병과도 관련이 있다고 보고되어, 엽산은 전 생애주기 동안 건강을 유지하기 위해 충분히 섭취해야 하는 영양소이다. 본 연구에서는 2020 한국인 엽산 섭취기준의 개정 근거를 살펴보고, 국민건강영양조사로부터 엽산 섭취량과 혈청 엽산 농도를 성별, 연령대별로 분석하였으며, 향후 엽산 섭취기준 개정에 참고할 만한 내용을 제언하였다. 표준체중의 변경에 따라 영아 후기의 충분섭취량과 15-18세의 평균필요량이 2015년과 달리 변경되었으나, 권장섭취량과 상한섭취량에는 변화가 없었다. 2016-2018년 국민건강영양조사 결과에서 대부분의 연령에서 엽산 섭취량은 권장섭취량에 미치지 못하였으며 특히 15-29세 여성의 섭취량이 권장섭취량 대비 매우 낮았다. 임신부와 수유부의 엽산 섭취량도 권장섭취량 대비 60% 이하로 낮았으나, 혈액수준은 다른 연령층에 비해 높아 보충제를 섭취한 결과로 보인다. 앞으로 국민건강영양조사에서 보충제 섭취량도 조사해야 할 것이며, 엽산의 섭취량 평가를 위해서는 생식품, 조리된 식품, 강화식품 중의 엽산 함량에 대한 DB가 구축되어야 할 것이다. 또한 혈청 엽산 뿐 아니라 적혈구 엽산 농도와 혈장 호모시스테인 농도도 분석할 필요가 있으며, 분석방법에 대한 질 관리가 필요하다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권9호
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• pp.1395-1404
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 2008~2009년도 국민건강영양조사 자료를 활용하여 45~60세 중년여성을 대상으로 주관적 건강상태에 따라 대상자를 분류하여 그룹 간에 생활습관, 건강특성, 영양소 섭취량 및 식사의 질에 차이가 있는지 비교하고, 주관적 건강상태와 식사의 질과의 관계를 살펴보았다. 조사대상자의 평균 나이는 $52.1{\pm}4.6$세였고, 교육수준과 월 평균 소득은 주관적 건강상태가 '좋음' 군에서 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 주관적 건강상태가 '나쁨' 군의 허리둘레가 유의적으로 더 컸으며(P<0.05), 체지방률, 체질량지수는 주관적인 건강상태에 따라 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 신체활동에서도 주관적 건강상태가 '좋음' 군에서 일주일간 걷기 일 수와 신체활동 일 수 모두 유의적으로 많았다(P<0.01). 영양소 섭취량 분석 결과 주관적 건강상태가 '좋음' 군의 철(P<0.01), 인(P<0.05), 칼륨(P<0.05)과 비타민 A(P<0.05), 비타민 $B_1$(P<0.01), 비타민 $B_2$(P<0.05), 나이아신(P<0.01)의 섭취량이 유의적으로 높았다. NAR을 평가한 결과에서도 '좋음' 군의 단백질(P<0.05), 칼슘(P<0.05), 철분(P<0.05), 비타민 A(P<0.05), 비타민 $B_2$(P<0.05), 나이아신(P<0.01)의 NAR이 유의적으로 높았으며, MAR도 '좋음' 군에서 유의적으로 높았다. 단백질(P<0.05), 철(P<0.05), 비타민 $B_1$(P<0.05), 나이아신(P<0.05)의 INQ 또한 '좋음' 군에서 유의적으로 높았다. 식사의 질과 주관적 건강상태 관련성을 알아보기 위해 회귀분석을 실시한 결과 교란 인자를 보정한 후에도 MAR과 INQ는 주관적 건강상태와 유의적인 양의 관련성(P<0.001)을 보였다. 이상의 결과로 높은 식사의 질이 자기가 인식하는 주관적인 건강상태에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 중년여성의 식사의 질이 주관적 건강상태와 관련이 있는 만큼 이들 여성의 건강 증진을 위해 바람직한 식습관을 통한 식사의 질을 높일 수 있는 구체적인 식사 지침 및 식생활 교육이 마련되어야 할 것으로 사료되는 바이다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.552-561
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• 2012

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic risk factors associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Recently, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased in Korea. The aim of this study was to develop a Healthy Han-sik Nutrition Education Program (HHNEP) based on commonly recognized Korean foods in order to decrease metabolic syndrome risks. The target population of the HHNEP is adults with metabolic risk factors. The initial version of the HHNEP was developed based on a review of literature and various dietary guidelines by expert committees as well as the results of a survey on the perception of common Korean dishes and foods as Han-sik. The focus group discussion conducted of nine participants from the target population. After minor modification, the final version was developed. The contents included five sections: 1) aims, 2) introduction of Korean Food Guidance System, 3) cholesterol contents in food, 4) menu planning method using Han-sik, and 5) examples of daily Han-sik menu. The Han-sik list was selected based on the results from a Han-sik perception answered by 35 Korean adults aged 30-60 years using 517 frequently consumed Korean foods from the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The nutrition education program was developed based on scientific evidence for the prevention of metabolic syndrome and focuses on tailoring education to an individual's dietary problems. Educational method was developed by a group of expert committees based in planned behavior theory and related research results. The education method consisted of assessment of current diet, four face-to-face nutrition education sessions over 8 weeks, and evaluation after 8 and 16 weeks. Initial version of nutrition education materials and methods was tested for feasibility by a select group of nine Korean healthy adults. Successful implementation of the program would include application by nutritional professionals at the health promotion center of the hospitals, public health center, and work sites. Intervention studies are needed to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of this program before large-scale applications.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.226-235
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• 2020

Objectives: Decreasing muscle strength in old age has become a significant health problem because it increases the risk of falls or fractures and transfers to other diseases. The precise role of dietary protein intake in preventing or reducing muscle weakness is unclear. This study examined the relationship between handgrip strength and protein intake in Korean female elderly. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that used data from the Seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) on female subjects aged 65 years and older. Low handgrip strength (LHGS) was defined as a handgrip strength below than 18 kg. Dietary intake data were obtained using the 1-day 24-hour recall method. Multiple regression was performed to test whether there is an independent relationship between the grip strength and protein intake, and the association between protein intake and LHGS was confirmed through multiple logistic regression. Results: The mean age of the 2,083 elderly females was 73.3 ± 0.1 years, and the prevalence of LHGS was 35% (n=734). Elderly women with an LHGS consumed less energy, total protein, and animal-based protein than those in the normal group. A multiple regression analysis after adjusting for covariate revealed a significant positive association between the handgrip strength and energy, protein, and animal-based protein intake. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio (OR) of LHGS in female elderly with the highest quartiles of consumption of energy [OR, 0.65; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.43-0.82; P for trend=0.004], and animal-based protein [OR, 0.59; CI, 0.40-0.87; P for trend=0.037] were significantly lower than those in the lowest quartiles. Conclusions: The energy intake and animal-based protein intake were negatively associated with the LHGS. These results suggest that adequate energy intake and protein intake, particularly those from animal-based sources, for elderly women in Korea are beneficial in lowering the risk of LHGS.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.10-22
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• 2021

본 연구는 제7기 국민건강영양조사 (2016-2018) 자료를 활용하여 우리 국민의 영양과 건강에 중요한 영향을 미치는 영양성분 섭취량에 기여한 바가 높은 주요 식품 (Key Foods)으로 추출하고자 하였다. 주요 영양성분은 제7기 국민건강영양조사 (2016-2018) 자료에서 공개하는 영양소를 기준으로 건강과 밀접한 관련이 있는 17종의 영양소, 즉, 에너지, 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방, 식이섬유, 칼슘, 인, 철, 나트륨, 칼륨, 비타민 A, 티아민, 리보플라빈, 니아신, 비타민 C, 콜레스테롤, 당류를 선정하였다. 주요 식품 (Key Foods)의 선정은 하나 이상의 주요 영양성분에서 누적섭취기여도 85%에 포함되는 음식코드와 총 영양소기여도 점수를 활용하였다. 주요 식품 (Key Foods) 추출을 위한 자료원은 제7기 국민건강영양조사 중 식품섭취조사 자료를 활용하였으며, 분석대상자 수는 21,271명, 이들이 섭취한 식품 수는 1,728종이었다. 영양소 누적섭취기여도 85%를 기준으로 추출한 주요 식품은 728품목으로 이들 식품을 통해 조사 대상자의 영양소 섭취량의 94%가 설명되었다. 총 영양소섭취기여도 비율에 따라 상위 10위에 속하는 식품은 잡곡밥 (5.32%), 쌀밥 (4.23%), 우유 (3.3%), 배추김치 (2.82%), 삼겹살구이 (1.56%), 사과 (1.52%), 달걀후라이 (1.49%), 시리얼 (1.36%), 믹스커피 (1.21%), 고구마 (1.12%)이었고, 이들 상위 10위에 해당하는 식품이 전체 영양소 기여도의 23.93%를 차지하였다. 결론적으로 2016-2018 국민건강영양조사의 음식코드를 사용하여 하나 이상의 주요 영양소에서 영양소 섭취 기여도의 85% 이내에 포함되는 728종의 음식코드를 주요 식품으로 추출하였다. 본 연구결과 선정된 주요 식품 (Key Foods)은 국가영양성분 데이터베이스 구축과 개정을 위한 분석대상 식품 선정 시 우선적으로 분석이 필요한 식품으로 검토될 수 있고, 이들 식품의 분석을 통하여 국가 단위와 개인 단위의 식이섭취조사 자료 분석 시 필요한 최신의 맞춤형 식품영양정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.