• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.17-29
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• 2014

Purpose - The use of corporate social activities to implement the concept of corporate social responsibility enhances brand equity and attitude, and strengthens economic competitiveness. In areas such as mobile communications, companies take the responsibility of protecting customers and enhance the quality of the mobile communication service, helping to make an effort to obey the regulations of the public trade order and fair trade agreement, enabling a healthy society through communication with elderly living alone or youths without parents, and enhancing marketing strategies. Research design, data, and methodology - To test the hypothesis, a survey was conducted. The surveyed population includes people who use the big three mobile communication services. The survey was conducted from October 4th to October 14th, 2013. A total of 500 survey questionnaires were circulated and 483 were collected; out of these, 32 were excluded due to missing or incomprehensible information. The data was analyzed with SPSS 18.0 via frequency analysis, trust analysis, search factor analysis, relationship analysis, confirmation factor analysis using AMOS 18.0, and structural equation model analysis. Results - Research on corporate social responsibility has been frequently conducted recently. Companies are perceived as social constituents satisfying the social desires of people in addition to customer needs. Further, companies are returning profits to society to satisfy community needs, because there is greater emphasis on the social responsibilities of companies. Companies' social responsibilities should include marketing strategies and the identification of customer needs. This study shows that social service activities influence brand value, which influences customer attitudes; therefore, social service activities indirectly influence customer attitudes. In order to increase customers' purchasing intention, it is essential to improve brand image via social services and provide a distinctive quality of service. Conclusions - This research has used the purposive selection method in the empirical analysis to identify the effect of social services on brand value and customer attitude. Therefore, this study revealed that businesses, whose ultimate objective is to improve customers' purchasing intention, should promote their brand equity through corporate social responsibility activities and offer a distinct service quality. Limitations in the progress of research were found and future indications to overcome these limitations are suggested as follows. First, survey responders had a limited understanding of social responsibilities; therefore, this concept needs to be explained to people first. Second, the research was done on people who live in Daejeon; thus, it is not representative of the entire country. The research has to be repeated with people in other cities. Third, there is a limitation in the study because the purposive selection method was used on Daejeon customers. In the future, a more precise selection of the population is needed. Fourth, Daejeon has unique geographical and size characteristics. Thus, customers in Seoul and other areas may display different characteristics and research on them may reveal different findings. Therefore, again, this study has to be repeated in other areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.49-71
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• 1975

The importance of bamboo as raw material for bamboo wares and several kinds of industrial products is highly appreciated at home and abroad. But different kinds of bamboo-bundle systems have been traditionally used in the local areas. There being no reasonable bamboo-bundle system, we have a lot of difficulty in trading bamboo products and executing adrinistmative works. Therefore, a reasonable bamboo-bundle system based on scientific proofs needs to be tested and established for fair trade and administration. This study is carried out to solve the above difficulty with statistical investigation and analysis. The results obtained are as follows. 1. The larger the circles at eye-height become, the more the possibility of the largest internode covering the span between eye-height and 1/4 height increases. 2. The longest internodes are distributed according to a rule without relation to circles at eye-height. 3. The tapering grade of bamboo culms is very high and its form is almost the same without relation to its size. (Form exponent; 0.71-1.05, eye-height form factor; 0.60-0.66, 1/4 becomes, seeing that the circle grade and the percentage of actual volume height form factor; 0.61-0.69). 4. The larger the circles at eye-height are, the lower the percentage of actual volume have negative curve relation to each other. 5. It is considered that the numbers of bamboos bundled in a "Sok" is not decided according to the usefulness of bamboos, judging from the fact that the outputs of bamboo wares per "Sok" in every circle grade are not the same. 6. As the results of the regression analysis, the empirical formulae of several amounts to circles at eye-height and culm length are as follows; Volume, $${\hat{y}}_i=\bar{3}.821874+2.013181log\;C_i+0.839128log\;H_i$$ $$V=0.0066355\;C^{2.013181}\;H^{0.839128}$$ Actual volume, $${\hat{y}}_{ai}=3.915338+0.776549log\;C_i+1.857000log\;H_i$$ $$V_a=0.0082288\;C^{0.776549}\;H^{1.857000}$$ Weight, $$w_i=3.869148+1.936410log\;C_i+0.566904log\;H_i$$ $$W=0.0073986\;G^{1.936410}\;H^{0.565904}$$ 7. Korean Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. et Zucc. is almost the same as that of Japan in several amounts, just the same especially in the weight. 8. It is found that the bamboo-bundle systems of Korea and Japan have much closer relation to the weight than other amounts. So It is, therefore, considered that the weight is important factor in deciding bamboo-bundle system. 9. According to the item 8, I should like to propose the appropriate numbers per "Sok" adjusted on the basis of the weight in the Table 18.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.173-184
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to analyse the problems of 'Science Inquiry Experiment Contest(SIEC)' which was one of 8 programs of 'The 2nd Student Science Inquiry Olympic Meet(SSIOM)'. The results and conclusions of this study were as follows: 1. It needs to reconsider the role of practical work within science experiment because practical work skills form one of the mainstays in current science. But the assessment of students' laboratory skills in the contest was made little account of. It is necessary to remind of what it means to be 'good at science'. There are two aspects: knowing and doing. Both are important and, in certain respects, quite distinct. Doing science is more of a craft activity, relying more on craft skill and tacit knowledge than on the conscious application of explicit knowledge. Doing science is also divided into two aspects, 'process' and 'skill' by many science educators. 2. The report's and checklist's assessment items were overlapped. Therefore it was suggested that the checklist assessment items were set limit to the students' acts which can't be found in reports. It is important to identify those activities which produce a permanent assessable product, and those which do not. Skills connected with recording and reporting are likely to produce permanent evidence which can be evaluated after the experiment. Those connected with manipulative skills involving processes are more ephemeral and need to be assessed as they occur. The division of student's experimental skills will contribute to the accurate assess of student's scientific inquiry experimental ability. 3. There was a wide difference among the scores of one participant recorded by three evaluators. This means that there was no concrete discussion among the evaluators before the contest. Despite the items of the checklists were set by preparers of the contest experiments, the concrete discussions before the contest were necessary because students' experimental acts were very diverse. There is a variety of scientific skills. So it is necessary to assess the performance of individual students in a range of skills. But the most of the difficulties in the assessment of skills arise from the interaction between measurement and the use. To overcome the difficulties, not only must the mark needed for each skill be recorded, something which all examination groups obviously need, but also a description of the work that the student did when the skill was assessed must also be given, and not all groups need this. Fuller details must also be available for the purposes of moderation. This is a requirement for all students that there must be provision for samples of any end-product or other tangible form of evidence of candidates' work to be submitted for inspection. This is rather important if one is to be as fair as possible to students because, not only can this work be made available to moderators if necessary, but also it can be used to help in arriving at common standards among several evaluators, and in ensuring consistent standards from one evaluator over the assessment period. This need arises because there are problems associated with assessing different students on the same skill in different activities. 4. Most of the students' reports were assessed intuitively by the evaluators despite the assessment items were established concretely by preparers of the experiment. This result means that the evaluators were new to grasp the essence of the established assessment items of the experiment report and that the students' assessment scores were short of objectivity. Lastly, there are suggestions from the results and the conclusions. The students' experimental acts which were difficult to observe because they occur in a flash and which can be easily imitated should be excluded from the assessment items. Evaluators are likely to miss the time to observe the acts, and the students who are assessed later have more opportunity to practise the skill which is being assessed. It is necessary to be aware of these problems and try to reduce their influence or remove them. The skills and processes analysis has made a very useful checklist for scientific inquiry experiment assessment. But in itself it is of little value. It must be seen alongside the other vital attributes needed in the making of a good scientist, the affective aspects of commitment and confidence, the personal insights which come both through formal and informal learning, and the tacit knowledge that comes through experience, both structured and acquired in play. These four aspects must be continually interacting, in a flexible and individualistic way, throughout the scientific education of students. An increasing ability to be good at science, to be good at doing investigational practical work, will be gained through continually, successively, but often unpredictably, developing more experience, developing more insights, developing more skills, and producing more confidence and commitment.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.483-491
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• 2012

This study is to investigate the issues on how to secure stability during the purification process for the production of recombinant protein A. The final recombinant protein A is produced by passing through the cation exchange column (SP) and the anion-exchange column (Q) during the production process, for which the samples produced by the step-by-step processes can be exposed to trouble in securing stable storage in case the next process cannot be taken within the proper time period. Accordingly, this study aims to evaluate the proper storage conditions and length of time when storing samples produced in the production process. That is, in this study, how to store fair samples, how long the storage period should be set up, and how to evaluate the security of its quality depending on time are dealt with. The items to be experimented with were enodotoxin, SDS-PAGE, HPLC purity and concentration. Experimental results showed that after passing the cation exchange column, when stored at $4^{\circ}C$ or room temperature, SDS-PAGE showed a major band, endotoxin is 5.0 Eu/mg or less, and concentration is on average of 8.21 to 8.24 mg/mL and RSD% 0.10~0.62%. In addition, HLPC purity showed somewhat stable results; at the HPLC purity 214 nm, the average is 99.24% to 99.37% and RSD% is 0.22~0.29%, while the average is 89.72% to 89.80% and RSD% 0.62~1.26% at 280 nm. On the contrary, after passing the anion exchange column, when stored at $4^{\circ}C$ or room temperature, SDS-PAGE revealed the major band, endotoxin is 0.5 Eu/mg or less, and concentration is on average of 5.59 mg/mL and RSD% 0.03~0.10%. when it comes to HLPC purity, the result showed that at the HPLC purity 214 nm, the average is 99.74% and RSD% is 0.10~0.11%, while the average is 96.16% to 96.85% and RSD% 0.72~1.13%. In conclusion, the stability of fair samples of recombinant protein A during the manufacturing process could be obtained without substance decomposition for 7~8 days at $4^{\circ}C$ or 20~21 days at room temperature.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.3 s.51
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• pp.640-650
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• 1995

After the introduction of National Medical Insurance in 1989, the medical demand has rapidly increased. The impact of increased medical demand was followed by an increase in the number of claims in need of review. We studied a new, fair method for reducing the number of claims reviewed. We analysed 90,583 outpatient claims submitted between September and October; claims were made for services given August of 1994. We finally suggested a screening system for claims review using a statistical method of discriminant analysis of the medical costs. The results were as follows. 1. In the cut-off group, age, days of medication, number of hospital or clinic visits, and total charge were significantly high. The cut-off rates according to the hospital-type and existence of accompanied disease were significantly different 2. According to ICD, the cut-off rate was highest in peripheral enthesopathies and allied syndromes(20.76%), lowest in acute sinusitis(0.93%). The mean charges were significantly different according to ICD and existence of cut-off. 3. We build discriminant functions by ICD with such discriminant variables as patient age, sex, existence of accompanied disease, number of hospital or clinic visits, and 9 detailed hospital or clinic charges included in claim. 4. We applied the discriminant function for screening those claims that were expected to be cut-off. The sensitivities comprised from 40% to 70%, and specificities from 70% to 95% by ICD. Acute rhinitis had highest sensitivity(100.00%) and other local infections of skin and subcutaneous tissue had highest specificity(98.45%). The expected number of cut-off was 17,762(19.61%). The total sensitivity was 49.62%, the total specificity was 82.57% and the error rate was 19.66%. We lacked economic analysis such as cost-benefit analysis. But, if the new method of screening claims using discriminant analysis were applied, the number of claims in need of review will reduce considerably.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide basic data in order to systemize the management of demand and supply of radiologic technicians, to pursue a fair regional distribution of educational institutions, and furthermore to keep reasonable medical treatment and fee. This research was carried out through the investigation of radiologic equipments and technicians according to the distribution of the population. Materials and Methods: We compared and analyzed the correlation between regional population, the number of clinics and hospitals, the number of medical imaging devices, and the number of radiologists and radiologic technicians in 5 cities without "Gu" administrative units in 2008. Results: 27,317 radiologic technicians have been produced since the administration of the national qualifying exam for radiologic technicians. About 18,000 radiologic technicians are currently working. There are 39 colleges or universities with Departments of Radiology and the admission quota is 2,120 students excluding one college. The ratio of radiologic equipments to radiologic technicians is 2.6 to 1. Conclusion: There is a dilemma in which some radiologic technicians fail to find appropriate jobs while some clinics or hospitals are in need of radiologic technicians. This dilemma is due to unreasonable regional discrepancies in pay system and welfare situation, and excessive profit-oriented recruiting system of clinics and hospitals. The increase of students of Radiologic Departments and approval of additional departments will end up with producing superfluous high academic degree holders, which is on the contrary to the government policy to produce more job opportunities. So the policy of increasing Radiologic Departments should be reconsidered.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 1985

A number of the remains of animals were unearthed from Anup pond in Kyungzu during the repair work in March, 1975. To determine the species of animal origin and the ages and sexes of them, some judgement and morphological examination of the animal remains were conducted and the results obtained with the bone remains believed to be of horses are summarized as follow. 1. The total of the remains of horses excavated were 28 teeth and 9 pieces of bones. The bones were classified into on each of skull, humerus, radius, the first phalanx, femur and tibia, the remaining 3 pieces being cervical vertebrae. 2. The cranial bone was relatively in fair preservation and, on the whole, the gross appearance was quite similar to that of current Korean native horses. With the defacement of the teeth, the horse remains could be of a mare with the age less than 10 years. 3. The size of the appendicular skeletons were a bit smaller than that of Korean native horse at present. 4. The results obtained in the present study strongly indicated that the horse remains excavated from the An up pond could be of at least 2 or more horses.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.299-308
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• 2009

We manufactured PVA-derived hydrogels using a foam generation technique that has been widely used to prepare colloidal gas aphrons(CGA). These gels were differentiated to the conventional gels such as for medical or pharmaceutical applications, which have tiny pores and some crystalline structure. Rather these should be used in de-pollution devices or adhesion of cells or biomolecules. The crosslinkers used in this work were amino acid, organic acid, sugars and lipids(vitamins). The structures of the gels were observed in a scanned electron microscope. Amino acids gels showed remarkably higher swelling ratios probably because their typical functional groups help constructing a highly crosslinked network along with hydrogen bonds. Boric acid and starch would catalyze dehydration while structuring to result in much lower water content and accordingly high gel content, leading to less elastic, hard gels. Bulky materials such as ascorbic acid or starch produced, in general, large pores in the matrices and also nicotinamide, having large hydrophobic patches was likely to enlarge pore size of its gels as well since the hydrophobicity would expel water molecules, thus leading to reduced swelling. Hydrophilicity(or hydrophobicity), functional groups which are involved in the reaction or physical linkage, and bulkiness of crosslinkers were found to be more critical to gel's cross linking structure and its density than molecular weights that seemed to be closely related to pore sizes. Microscopic observation revealed that pores were more or less homogeneous and their average sizes were $20{\mu}m$ for methionine, $10-15{\mu}m$ for citric acid, $50-70{\mu}m$ for L-ascorbic acid, $30-40{\mu}m$ for nicotinamide, and $70-80{\mu}m$ for starch. Also a sensory test showed that amino acid and glucose gels were more elastic meanwhile acid and nicotinamide gels turned out to be brittle or non-elastic at their high concentrations. The elasticity of a gel was reasonably correlated with its water content or swelling ratio. In addition, the PVA gel including 20% ascorbic acid showed fair ability of cell adherence as 0.257mg/g-hydrogel and completely degraded phenanthrene(10 mM) in 240 h.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.45-57
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• 2019

The digital economy has created a new platform-based business model and raised the issue of the international taxation system in line with rapid economic development. Voices of fair taxation have also grown due to tax breaks to countries with low tax rates, problems caused by the gap between traditional and digital companies, and problems of business-oriented taxation systems. As a result, the international movement to lay the foundation for the international taxation system based on the business model suitable for the digital economy has become active. The stances of foreign organizations and countries are different, and the necessity of domestic policy introduction is increasing when cooperation at the international level is needed. This study was conducted to analyze the policy network and to help decision making. The results of the study showed that there were differences among domestic stakeholders depending on the actors. The EU suggested SDP in the long term, Digital Service Tax in the short term, and OECD suggested SEP in the long term. It was found that a careful approach to decision making and an in-depth study of the policy process are necessary.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.5
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• pp.127-133
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• 1987

The process of fertilization and changes in anatomical structure of sclerotia during the apothecial formation in Sclerotinia trifoliorum, the causal fungus of sclerotial rot of forage legumes, were investigated. The time of fertilization could be estimated with fair accuracy by the sequencial spermatization of the sclerotia which kept at 15C in saturated moisture. In the case of one strain used in this experiment, fertilization between the sclerotia and spermatia were estimated to take place at around 18days after the sclerotia were placed under the conditions for apothecial induction (15C, saturated moisture). The fertilizable state was maintained for about 45 days and the spermatization thereafter did not induce the apothecial formation. When the sclerotia reached fertilizable state, a number of interwoven hyphal nests were developed within the medulla of sclerotia, regardless of the sexuality of the cultures. Comparing the process of multiplication and growth of the hyphal nests in homothallic and heterothallic culture, they were identified as ascogonium. These ascogonia were persisted for about 45 days. This observation was well coincided with the duration of fertilizable state elucidated by the sequencial spermatization experiment.