• 한국제4기학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2003

This study is conducted to examine the woods that were excavated at Jangdo Island. The Jangdo site is located in a small island some 180 meters away from the main island of Wando, Jeollanam-do in southern Korea. This site is known as Cheong-Hea Jin fort for the marine King Jang Bogo during the early 9$^{th}$ century. Total of 101 specimens were collected in three groups； small-size piles, log fences (Mok-check) and logs from a well. The species of the group of piles consisted of Quercus spp. (43%), Pinus densiflora (29%), Pinus koraiensis (5%), Alnus japonica (3%), Fraxinus spp. (3%), Styrax obassia (3%), Juglans spp. (2%), Zelkova serrata (2%), Platycarya strobilacea (2%), Celtis spp. (2%), Torreya nucifera (2%), Quercus myrsinaefolia (2%), and Cinnamomum spp. (2%). The species of Mok-check and logs from the well were identified as all Pinus densiflora. The species composition indicated that the climate around A. D. 9th-10th century in southern Korea was similar to the present.. The wooden fences were also examined for tree-ring analysis. The ages of woods were 50∼60 years. We made two site chronologies. The chronologies indicated that southeastern and southwestern fences were repaired frequently. The results could not give the absolute dates due to lack of reference chronologies in this period.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제16권
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• pp.89-103
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• 2004

우리나라 구석기 및 신석기 유적에서 출토된 흑요석 그리고 백두산과 일본 Kyushu지방에서 입수된 흑요석 원석 등 총 64점에 대하여 주요성분, 미량성분 및 자기적 특성을 이용하여 산지별로 분류하였다. 주요성분 중 $Al_2O_3,\;CaO,\;Na_2O+K_2O$의 농도값을 사용하여 흑요석을 분류한 결과 대부분의 흑요석이 Subalkaline 계열이었다. 또한 흑요석을 주요성분 및 미량성분 함량을 사용한 통계적 분류 결과 세 개의 그룹을 형성하였다. 이러한 결과는 각 그룹간의 상관관계가 없으며 산지가 다름을 의미한다. 자기적 특성을 이용한 산지분류에서는 각 지역별로 정확하게 그룹을 이루지 않았으나, 대자율과 포화등온잔류자화의 이 변량분석에서는 주요성분 및 미량성분을 이용한 산지분류와 유사한 결과를 얻었다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.477-490
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• 2021

이 연구에서는 천안 도림리 유적 출토 백제시대 석곽묘와 석실분의 구성암석에 대한 암석기 재적 특성과 원산지를 분석하였다. 이 두 분묘는 편마암과 섬록암 및 안산암을 비롯한 총 10종의 다양한 석재로 구성되어 있다. 특히 편마암이 가장 높은 점유율(54.3%)을 보이며, 벽석의 주요 석재로 사용되었다. 또한 섬록암(11.3%)과 안산암(10.6%)은 사잇돌로 사용된 경향을 보여, 형태와 상황에 맞게 석재를 활용한 것으로 판단된다. 석재의 공급지는 유적과 약 1 km 떨어진 입장저수지 인근으로 확인되었고, 수로를 통해 조달했을 것으로 해석된다. 이 결과는 고대 분묘문화의 재료조달 체계와 유구의 보존을 위한 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.28-32
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• 1999

비교적 치수안정화 처리가 어려운 참나무과 고목재를 선택하여 락티톨, PEG (Mw, 4000), 슈크로오스를 이용하여 치수안정화효과에 대한 비교실험을 하였다. 시료 제작은 접선단면 판재 형태의 유물에서 굽음, 뒤틀림 등의 변형이 발생할 우려가 특히 크므로 접선단면이 넓게 나오도록 제작하였다. 보존처리약제의 처리농도는 10, 30, 50, $70\%$로 상승시켰고 각 농도단계별로 3일간, 7일간씩 처리하여 중량증가율을 측정하였다. 처리가 종료된 후의 시험편의 치수안정화효과를 평가하기 위한 지표로써 횡단면수축율을 산출하였다. 그 결과 슈크로오스를 함침처리한 시험편은 중량 증가율이 가장 높았으며, 횡단면수축율도 3일, 7일 처리에서 각각 $7\%,\;4\%$로 가장 높은 치수안정화효과를 나타내었다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.347-359
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• 2022

Gongsanseong Fortress was registered of a World Heritage Site in 2015 as a representative cultural heritage from the Woongjin Baekje period, and it has been used throughout the entire period from Baekje Kingdom to the Joseon Dynasty. Within Gongsanseong Fortress, the area around Ssangsujeong is presumed the site of royal palace of the Woongjin Baekje. Also, the excavated culture layers of the Baekje Kingdom, the Unified Silla period, and the Joseon Dynasty were confirmed. In this study, paleotopography was modeled by digitally converting the elevation data obtained through surveying the excavation process, and the use of the topography in the Ssangsujeong area was considered by examining the variations in the topography according to the periods. As a result, the topography of the slope around the peak changed by periods, and the topography did not change on the flat land. The topography between the Baekje Kingdom and the Unified Silla period appeared to be almost identical, and it seems that the space of the Baekje period was maintained as it is. Also, during the Joseon Dynasty, it is confirmed that flat surfaces in the previous period were used. However, sediments on the slopes flowed down, reducing the area of the flatland, and architectural techniques that could utilize the natural topography of the changed slope were applied to interpret it as having a different topography from the previous period. In order to model and interpret the paleotopography, excavation data, geological and topographic analysis, and digital data must be secured. It is expected that location conditions and ancient human life can be identified if the analysis technique in the study is applied to other archaeological sites in the future.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권25호
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• pp.197-226
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• 2004

This study was made to identify species of archaeological wood products excavated from three sites(Kwunbuk-ni, Gungnamgi, Wanggung-ni) of Sabi Era, Baekje. These sitesare presumably considered as capital areas of Sabi Era, Baekje. Total of 220 specimens were identified into five softwoods and eighteen hardwoods. Pinus densiflora(or Pinusthunbergii) and Quercus spp. are the most common and occupied 32%, 28% of totalspecimen, respectively. The others are follows : Torreya nucifera(1%), Abiesholophylla(3%), Cryptomeria japonica(4%), Thuja spp.(2%), Chamaecyparisobutusa(2%), Salix spp.(1%), Platycarya strobilacea (3%), Alnus spp.(1%), Carpinusspp.(0.5%), Castanea crenata(9%), Zelkova serrata (6%), Celtis spp.(0.5%), Prunusspp.(2%), Rhus verniciflua(1%), Rhus trichocarpa(0.5%), Meliosma oldhamii(1%),Hovenia dulcis(1%), Kalopanax pictus(0.5%), Cornus walteri(0.5%), Styrax japonica(1%),Fraxinus rhynchophylla (0.5%), F. sieboldiana(1%).Most of the identified species have been growing in this area until nowadays. However,a few species(Cryptomeria japonica, Thuja spp. Chamaecyparis obutusa, Torreyanucifera) didn’t grow natively around this area at that time. Two species(Cryptomeriajaponica, Chamaecyparis obutusa) are endemic species of Japan, indicating international trade or exchange of woods between Baekje Kingdom and Japan in 6-7th century. Torreyanucifera grows in limited areas in Korea (south of $35^{\circ}$10′N), however, is widely distributed in the southern Japan. Quercus spp. was identified the most in implements of Baekje and Pinus densiflora(orPinus thunbergii) was in the second place. Zelkova serrata was mainly used for raw materials of turnery products, e.g., wooden container. This species produces one of the hardest woods as 0.7 in specific gravity. It indicates that iron technologies have reached some high level in Sabi Era, Beakje.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.19-31
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• 2019

To study the cleaning effects and post-treatment stability assessment of various methods of cleaning textiles with metal thread, six naturally-soiled historical textiles with metal thread were investigated at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Prior to the cleaning of fabricated gold, silver, and copper thread that had been glued onto a paper substrate, the artificial deterioration was carried out in a controlled environment with light(UV and daylight), and temperature and humidity factors which would weaken and damage the samples. A synthetic soil mixture was applied to the samples to imitate soil found on the historic and archaeological textiles with metal thread; the cleaning effect and post-treatment assessment were investigated by use of three textile cleaning methods: mechanical cleaning, wet cleaning, and solvent cleaning. While investigating the naturally-soiled textiles with metal thread, it was determined that the soil colors and sizes of contaminating particles of each textile were different due to the diversity of original environmental factors and conditions. After cleaning with kneaded rubber, Stoddard solvent, n-decane or n-hexane, a bright, clean effect was apparent. Kneaded rubber was successful in picking up both large and small particles, but its stickiness caused some of the metal leaf to peel off. Stoddard solvent produced a good cleaning effect, but after use of n-hexane and n-decane in the cleaning process, a white layer of residue remained on the textile's surface. Wet cleaning was not effective and the rapid humidity changes between wet and dry conditions caused the edges of the paper substrate to lose their original shape.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.131-147
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• 2017

본 연구는 김제 동곡마을 도요지에서 출토된 15~17세기 분청사기와 백자에 대하여 색도와 비중 및 흡수율, 미세구조 관찰 등의 물리적 특성, 태토와 유약의 조성에 대한 화학적 특성에 대하여 분석하였다. 물리적 특성에서 가마운영 상황과 제작 시기에 따라 제작기술이 점차 발전되는 변화가 관찰된다. 원료적 측면에서 동곡마을 도요지는 동일기반암에서 생성된 점토를 사용하여 도자기 종류, 생산 가마, 시기 등에 따라 원료를 정제하거나 융제를 첨가하는 등의 제작기법에서 차이를 보인다. 백자는 분청사기와 비교하여 착색제 함량이 평균적으로 1.3% 이상 적고 융제 성분 $K_2O$ 함량이 1.2% 가량 많은 편으로 같은 온도에서 더 쉽게 자화될 수 있는 특징을 보인다. 이와 같은 특성은 생산 시기가 늦어질수록 분명하게 나타난다. 유약은 자기 종류가 아닌 생산 시기에 따라 16세기 이후에는 MgO, $TiO_2$, MnO, $P_2O_5$ 등의 함량이 적게는 3배, 많게는 10배 이상 줄어들어 사용 원료에 차이가 있었던 것으로 추정해 볼 수 있다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.581-593
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• 2018

최근 고대 제철기술 연구를 위한 복원실험이 활발하게 이루어짐에 따라 세부 기술체계나 조업방식 등에 대한 해석이 가능해지는 등 성과를 이루었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 고대 제련-단야기술 복원실험을 위한 적정 온도조건을 확인하여 고대 기술의 복원에 근접하기 위한 적정한 실험 방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 복원대상은 고대 중원지역의 출토 사례를 기본으로 하였으며 기존의 연구 자료를 참고하여 최대한 변수를 통제한 실험을 설계하였다. 저온으로 조업한 실험A와 고온으로 조업한 실험B를 실시한 결과 실험A에서 생성된 철은 탄소함량이 적고 단야조업에도 적합한 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 슬래그의 미세조직 및 성분조성과 노벽의 침식 등 전반적인 양상도 실험A가 고대 제련기술에 근접한 결과를 보였다. 실험을 통한 고대 제철기술의 복원은 유적에서 나타나는 현상의 복원될 때 이루어질 수 있으므로 고대제련-단야 기술체계의 복원을 위한 실험은 실험A와 같은 저온조업을 중심으로 진행되는 것이 적절할 것으로 판단된다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.7-22
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• 2011

With the accumulations of outcomes from archaeological excavations of mountain fortress of three kingdoms period, there have been studies about time-periodic territory range of mountain fortress, difference in the way(method) of construction, defence system and so on from various points of view. This is an empirical study on the construction method of the valley part of stone fortress. First of all, it is required to secure large quantity of fresh water for those who lived at mountain fortress. Especially when builders of fortress construct a fortification at the valley part of stone fortress, in advance they must sufficiently consider several options including the establishment of sustainable water resources. First, when it comes to build a fortification on a ridge[or a slope] of a mountain, you have only to consider a vertical stress. However, when it comes to build a fortification at the valley part of a mountain, You must have more sufficient preparations for the constructing process. Because there are not only a vertical stress but also a horizontal pressure simultaneously. Second, a fortification of mountain fortress built by using unit building stone is a structure of masonry construction like brick construction, and the valley part of it is where the construction of the fortification begins. Third, when it comes to build a fortification at the valley part of a mountain, it seems that they use a temporary method such as coffer dam in oder to prevent the collapse of the fortification due to heavy rain. Furthermore, in response to a horizontal pressure a fortification is built by the way of its plane make an arch, or by piling up the soil with the plate method(類似版築) and earthen wall harder method(敷葉) they increase cross-sectional area of the fortification and its cutoff capacity. In front direction they put the reservoir facility for the fear that the hydraulic pressure and earth pressure are directly transmitted to the fortification. The process of constructing the fortification at the valley part of a mountain is done in the same oder as follows; leveling of ground(整地) ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of coffer dam ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of the fortification between the both banks of the valley ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of the fortification at bottom part of spill way(餘水路) between the both banks of the valley ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of spill way(餘水路) & reservoir facility ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of the fortification at upper part of spill way between the both banks of the valley. Coffer dam facility seems to be not only the protection device on occasion of flood but also an important criterion to measure the proper height of spill way or tailrace(放水路). This study has a meaningful significance in that it empirically examines the method of reduction of the horizontal pressure which the fortification at the valley part of a mountain takes, the date the construction was done, and wether the changes in climate such as heavy rainfall influence the process of construction.